/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.commons.math3.util;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.MathArithmeticException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NotPositiveException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NumberIsTooLargeException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.util.Localizable;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.util.LocalizedFormats;
/**
* Some useful, arithmetics related, additions to the built-in functions in
* {@link Math}.
*
*/
public final class ArithmeticUtils {
/** Private constructor. */
private ArithmeticUtils() {
super();
}
/**
* Add two integers, checking for overflow.
*
* @param x an addend
* @param y an addend
* @return the sum {@code x+y}
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result can not be represented
* as an {@code int}.
* @since 1.1
*/
public static int addAndCheck(int x, int y)
throws MathArithmeticException {
long s = (long)x + (long)y;
if (s < Integer.MIN_VALUE || s > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.OVERFLOW_IN_ADDITION, x, y);
}
return (int)s;
}
/**
* Add two long integers, checking for overflow.
*
* @param a an addend
* @param b an addend
* @return the sum {@code a+b}
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result can not be represented as an long
* @since 1.2
*/
public static long addAndCheck(long a, long b) throws MathArithmeticException {
return addAndCheck(a, b, LocalizedFormats.OVERFLOW_IN_ADDITION);
}
/**
* Returns an exact representation of the <a
* href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BinomialCoefficient.html"> Binomial
* Coefficient</a>, "{@code n choose k}", the number of
* {@code k}-element subsets that can be selected from an
* {@code n}-element set.
* <p>
* <Strong>Preconditions</strong>:
* <ul>
* <li> {@code 0 <= k <= n } (otherwise
* {@code IllegalArgumentException} is thrown)</li>
* <li> The result is small enough to fit into a {@code long}. The
* largest value of {@code n} for which all coefficients are
* {@code < Long.MAX_VALUE} is 66. If the computed value exceeds
* {@code Long.MAX_VALUE} an {@code ArithMeticException} is
* thrown.</li>
* </ul></p>
*
* @param n the size of the set
* @param k the size of the subsets to be counted
* @return {@code n choose k}
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code n < 0}.
* @throws NumberIsTooLargeException if {@code k > n}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result is too large to be
* represented by a long integer.
* @deprecated use {@link CombinatoricsUtils#binomialCoefficient(int, int)}
*/
@Deprecated
public static long binomialCoefficient(final int n, final int k)
throws NotPositiveException, NumberIsTooLargeException, MathArithmeticException {
return CombinatoricsUtils.binomialCoefficient(n, k);
}
/**
* Returns a {@code double} representation of the <a
* href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BinomialCoefficient.html"> Binomial
* Coefficient</a>, "{@code n choose k}", the number of
* {@code k}-element subsets that can be selected from an
* {@code n}-element set.
* <p>
* <Strong>Preconditions</strong>:
* <ul>
* <li> {@code 0 <= k <= n } (otherwise
* {@code IllegalArgumentException} is thrown)</li>
* <li> The result is small enough to fit into a {@code double}. The
* largest value of {@code n} for which all coefficients are <
* Double.MAX_VALUE is 1029. If the computed value exceeds Double.MAX_VALUE,
* Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY is returned</li>
* </ul></p>
*
* @param n the size of the set
* @param k the size of the subsets to be counted
* @return {@code n choose k}
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code n < 0}.
* @throws NumberIsTooLargeException if {@code k > n}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result is too large to be
* represented by a long integer.
* @deprecated use {@link CombinatoricsUtils#binomialCoefficientDouble(int, int)}
*/
@Deprecated
public static double binomialCoefficientDouble(final int n, final int k)
throws NotPositiveException, NumberIsTooLargeException, MathArithmeticException {
return CombinatoricsUtils.binomialCoefficientDouble(n, k);
}
/**
* Returns the natural {@code log} of the <a
* href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BinomialCoefficient.html"> Binomial
* Coefficient</a>, "{@code n choose k}", the number of
* {@code k}-element subsets that can be selected from an
* {@code n}-element set.
* <p>
* <Strong>Preconditions</strong>:
* <ul>
* <li> {@code 0 <= k <= n } (otherwise
* {@code IllegalArgumentException} is thrown)</li>
* </ul></p>
*
* @param n the size of the set
* @param k the size of the subsets to be counted
* @return {@code n choose k}
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code n < 0}.
* @throws NumberIsTooLargeException if {@code k > n}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result is too large to be
* represented by a long integer.
* @deprecated use {@link CombinatoricsUtils#binomialCoefficientLog(int, int)}
*/
@Deprecated
public static double binomialCoefficientLog(final int n, final int k)
throws NotPositiveException, NumberIsTooLargeException, MathArithmeticException {
return CombinatoricsUtils.binomialCoefficientLog(n, k);
}
/**
* Returns n!. Shorthand for {@code n} <a
* href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Factorial.html"> Factorial</a>, the
* product of the numbers {@code 1,...,n}.
* <p>
* <Strong>Preconditions</strong>:
* <ul>
* <li> {@code n >= 0} (otherwise
* {@code IllegalArgumentException} is thrown)</li>
* <li> The result is small enough to fit into a {@code long}. The
* largest value of {@code n} for which {@code n!} <
* Long.MAX_VALUE} is 20. If the computed value exceeds {@code Long.MAX_VALUE}
* an {@code ArithMeticException } is thrown.</li>
* </ul>
* </p>
*
* @param n argument
* @return {@code n!}
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result is too large to be represented
* by a {@code long}.
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code n < 0}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if {@code n > 20}: The factorial value is too
* large to fit in a {@code long}.
* @deprecated use {@link CombinatoricsUtils#factorial(int)}
*/
@Deprecated
public static long factorial(final int n) throws NotPositiveException, MathArithmeticException {
return CombinatoricsUtils.factorial(n);
}
/**
* Compute n!, the<a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Factorial.html">
* factorial</a> of {@code n} (the product of the numbers 1 to n), as a
* {@code double}.
* The result should be small enough to fit into a {@code double}: The
* largest {@code n} for which {@code n! < Double.MAX_VALUE} is 170.
* If the computed value exceeds {@code Double.MAX_VALUE},
* {@code Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY} is returned.
*
* @param n Argument.
* @return {@code n!}
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code n < 0}.
* @deprecated use {@link CombinatoricsUtils#factorialDouble(int)}
*/
@Deprecated
public static double factorialDouble(final int n) throws NotPositiveException {
return CombinatoricsUtils.factorialDouble(n);
}
/**
* Compute the natural logarithm of the factorial of {@code n}.
*
* @param n Argument.
* @return {@code n!}
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code n < 0}.
* @deprecated use {@link CombinatoricsUtils#factorialLog(int)}
*/
@Deprecated
public static double factorialLog(final int n) throws NotPositiveException {
return CombinatoricsUtils.factorialLog(n);
}
/**
* Computes the greatest common divisor of the absolute value of two
* numbers, using a modified version of the "binary gcd" method.
* See Knuth 4.5.2 algorithm B.
* The algorithm is due to Josef Stein (1961).
* <br/>
* Special cases:
* <ul>
* <li>The invocations
* {@code gcd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE)},
* {@code gcd(Integer.MIN_VALUE, 0)} and
* {@code gcd(0, Integer.MIN_VALUE)} throw an
* {@code ArithmeticException}, because the result would be 2^31, which
* is too large for an int value.</li>
* <li>The result of {@code gcd(x, x)}, {@code gcd(0, x)} and
* {@code gcd(x, 0)} is the absolute value of {@code x}, except
* for the special cases above.</li>
* <li>The invocation {@code gcd(0, 0)} is the only one which returns
* {@code 0}.</li>
* </ul>
*
* @param p Number.
* @param q Number.
* @return the greatest common divisor (never negative).
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented as
* a non-negative {@code int} value.
* @since 1.1
*/
public static int gcd(int p, int q) throws MathArithmeticException {
int a = p;
int b = q;
if (a == 0 ||
b == 0) {
if (a == Integer.MIN_VALUE ||
b == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.GCD_OVERFLOW_32_BITS,
p, q);
}
return Math.abs(a + b);
}
long al = a;
long bl = b;
boolean useLong = false;
if (a < 0) {
if(Integer.MIN_VALUE == a) {
useLong = true;
} else {
a = -a;
}
al = -al;
}
if (b < 0) {
if (Integer.MIN_VALUE == b) {
useLong = true;
} else {
b = -b;
}
bl = -bl;
}
if (useLong) {
if(al == bl) {
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.GCD_OVERFLOW_32_BITS,
p, q);
}
long blbu = bl;
bl = al;
al = blbu % al;
if (al == 0) {
if (bl > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.GCD_OVERFLOW_32_BITS,
p, q);
}
return (int) bl;
}
blbu = bl;
// Now "al" and "bl" fit in an "int".
b = (int) al;
a = (int) (blbu % al);
}
return gcdPositive(a, b);
}
/**
* Computes the greatest common divisor of two <em>positive</em> numbers
* (this precondition is <em>not</em> checked and the result is undefined
* if not fulfilled) using the "binary gcd" method which avoids division
* and modulo operations.
* See Knuth 4.5.2 algorithm B.
* The algorithm is due to Josef Stein (1961).
* <br/>
* Special cases:
* <ul>
* <li>The result of {@code gcd(x, x)}, {@code gcd(0, x)} and
* {@code gcd(x, 0)} is the value of {@code x}.</li>
* <li>The invocation {@code gcd(0, 0)} is the only one which returns
* {@code 0}.</li>
* </ul>
*
* @param a Positive number.
* @param b Positive number.
* @return the greatest common divisor.
*/
private static int gcdPositive(int a, int b) {
if (a == 0) {
return b;
}
else if (b == 0) {
return a;
}
// Make "a" and "b" odd, keeping track of common power of 2.
final int aTwos = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(a);
a >>= aTwos;
final int bTwos = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(b);
b >>= bTwos;
final int shift = Math.min(aTwos, bTwos);
// "a" and "b" are positive.
// If a > b then "gdc(a, b)" is equal to "gcd(a - b, b)".
// If a < b then "gcd(a, b)" is equal to "gcd(b - a, a)".
// Hence, in the successive iterations:
// "a" becomes the absolute difference of the current values,
// "b" becomes the minimum of the current values.
while (a != b) {
final int delta = a - b;
b = Math.min(a, b);
a = Math.abs(delta);
// Remove any power of 2 in "a" ("b" is guaranteed to be odd).
a >>= Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(a);
}
// Recover the common power of 2.
return a << shift;
}
/**
* <p>
* Gets the greatest common divisor of the absolute value of two numbers,
* using the "binary gcd" method which avoids division and modulo
* operations. See Knuth 4.5.2 algorithm B. This algorithm is due to Josef
* Stein (1961).
* </p>
* Special cases:
* <ul>
* <li>The invocations
* {@code gcd(Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE)},
* {@code gcd(Long.MIN_VALUE, 0L)} and
* {@code gcd(0L, Long.MIN_VALUE)} throw an
* {@code ArithmeticException}, because the result would be 2^63, which
* is too large for a long value.</li>
* <li>The result of {@code gcd(x, x)}, {@code gcd(0L, x)} and
* {@code gcd(x, 0L)} is the absolute value of {@code x}, except
* for the special cases above.
* <li>The invocation {@code gcd(0L, 0L)} is the only one which returns
* {@code 0L}.</li>
* </ul>
*
* @param p Number.
* @param q Number.
* @return the greatest common divisor, never negative.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented as
* a non-negative {@code long} value.
* @since 2.1
*/
public static long gcd(final long p, final long q) throws MathArithmeticException {
long u = p;
long v = q;
if ((u == 0) || (v == 0)) {
if ((u == Long.MIN_VALUE) || (v == Long.MIN_VALUE)){
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.GCD_OVERFLOW_64_BITS,
p, q);
}
return Math.abs(u) + Math.abs(v);
}
// keep u and v negative, as negative integers range down to
// -2^63, while positive numbers can only be as large as 2^63-1
// (i.e. we can't necessarily negate a negative number without
// overflow)
/* assert u!=0 && v!=0; */
if (u > 0) {
u = -u;
} // make u negative
if (v > 0) {
v = -v;
} // make v negative
// B1. [Find power of 2]
int k = 0;
while ((u & 1) == 0 && (v & 1) == 0 && k < 63) { // while u and v are
// both even...
u /= 2;
v /= 2;
k++; // cast out twos.
}
if (k == 63) {
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.GCD_OVERFLOW_64_BITS,
p, q);
}
// B2. Initialize: u and v have been divided by 2^k and at least
// one is odd.
long t = ((u & 1) == 1) ? v : -(u / 2)/* B3 */;
// t negative: u was odd, v may be even (t replaces v)
// t positive: u was even, v is odd (t replaces u)
do {
/* assert u<0 && v<0; */
// B4/B3: cast out twos from t.
while ((t & 1) == 0) { // while t is even..
t /= 2; // cast out twos
}
// B5 [reset max(u,v)]
if (t > 0) {
u = -t;
} else {
v = t;
}
// B6/B3. at this point both u and v should be odd.
t = (v - u) / 2;
// |u| larger: t positive (replace u)
// |v| larger: t negative (replace v)
} while (t != 0);
return -u * (1L << k); // gcd is u*2^k
}
/**
* <p>
* Returns the least common multiple of the absolute value of two numbers,
* using the formula {@code lcm(a,b) = (a / gcd(a,b)) * b}.
* </p>
* Special cases:
* <ul>
* <li>The invocations {@code lcm(Integer.MIN_VALUE, n)} and
* {@code lcm(n, Integer.MIN_VALUE)}, where {@code abs(n)} is a
* power of 2, throw an {@code ArithmeticException}, because the result
* would be 2^31, which is too large for an int value.</li>
* <li>The result of {@code lcm(0, x)} and {@code lcm(x, 0)} is
* {@code 0} for any {@code x}.
* </ul>
*
* @param a Number.
* @param b Number.
* @return the least common multiple, never negative.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented as
* a non-negative {@code int} value.
* @since 1.1
*/
public static int lcm(int a, int b) throws MathArithmeticException {
if (a == 0 || b == 0){
return 0;
}
int lcm = Math.abs(ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(a / gcd(a, b), b));
if (lcm == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.LCM_OVERFLOW_32_BITS,
a, b);
}
return lcm;
}
/**
* <p>
* Returns the least common multiple of the absolute value of two numbers,
* using the formula {@code lcm(a,b) = (a / gcd(a,b)) * b}.
* </p>
* Special cases:
* <ul>
* <li>The invocations {@code lcm(Long.MIN_VALUE, n)} and
* {@code lcm(n, Long.MIN_VALUE)}, where {@code abs(n)} is a
* power of 2, throw an {@code ArithmeticException}, because the result
* would be 2^63, which is too large for an int value.</li>
* <li>The result of {@code lcm(0L, x)} and {@code lcm(x, 0L)} is
* {@code 0L} for any {@code x}.
* </ul>
*
* @param a Number.
* @param b Number.
* @return the least common multiple, never negative.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented
* as a non-negative {@code long} value.
* @since 2.1
*/
public static long lcm(long a, long b) throws MathArithmeticException {
if (a == 0 || b == 0){
return 0;
}
long lcm = Math.abs(ArithmeticUtils.mulAndCheck(a / gcd(a, b), b));
if (lcm == Long.MIN_VALUE){
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.LCM_OVERFLOW_64_BITS,
a, b);
}
return lcm;
}
/**
* Multiply two integers, checking for overflow.
*
* @param x Factor.
* @param y Factor.
* @return the product {@code x * y}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result can not be
* represented as an {@code int}.
* @since 1.1
*/
public static int mulAndCheck(int x, int y) throws MathArithmeticException {
long m = ((long)x) * ((long)y);
if (m < Integer.MIN_VALUE || m > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
throw new MathArithmeticException();
}
return (int)m;
}
/**
* Multiply two long integers, checking for overflow.
*
* @param a Factor.
* @param b Factor.
* @return the product {@code a * b}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result can not be represented
* as a {@code long}.
* @since 1.2
*/
public static long mulAndCheck(long a, long b) throws MathArithmeticException {
long ret;
if (a > b) {
// use symmetry to reduce boundary cases
ret = mulAndCheck(b, a);
} else {
if (a < 0) {
if (b < 0) {
// check for positive overflow with negative a, negative b
if (a >= Long.MAX_VALUE / b) {
ret = a * b;
} else {
throw new MathArithmeticException();
}
} else if (b > 0) {
// check for negative overflow with negative a, positive b
if (Long.MIN_VALUE / b <= a) {
ret = a * b;
} else {
throw new MathArithmeticException();
}
} else {
// assert b == 0
ret = 0;
}
} else if (a > 0) {
// assert a > 0
// assert b > 0
// check for positive overflow with positive a, positive b
if (a <= Long.MAX_VALUE / b) {
ret = a * b;
} else {
throw new MathArithmeticException();
}
} else {
// assert a == 0
ret = 0;
}
}
return ret;
}
/**
* Subtract two integers, checking for overflow.
*
* @param x Minuend.
* @param y Subtrahend.
* @return the difference {@code x - y}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result can not be represented
* as an {@code int}.
* @since 1.1
*/
public static int subAndCheck(int x, int y) throws MathArithmeticException {
long s = (long)x - (long)y;
if (s < Integer.MIN_VALUE || s > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.OVERFLOW_IN_SUBTRACTION, x, y);
}
return (int)s;
}
/**
* Subtract two long integers, checking for overflow.
*
* @param a Value.
* @param b Value.
* @return the difference {@code a - b}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result can not be represented as a
* {@code long}.
* @since 1.2
*/
public static long subAndCheck(long a, long b) throws MathArithmeticException {
long ret;
if (b == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
if (a < 0) {
ret = a - b;
} else {
throw new MathArithmeticException(LocalizedFormats.OVERFLOW_IN_ADDITION, a, -b);
}
} else {
// use additive inverse
ret = addAndCheck(a, -b, LocalizedFormats.OVERFLOW_IN_ADDITION);
}
return ret;
}
/**
* Raise an int to an int power.
*
* @param k Number to raise.
* @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
* @return \( k^e \)
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code e < 0}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result would overflow.
*/
public static int pow(final int k,
final int e)
throws NotPositiveException,
MathArithmeticException {
if (e < 0) {
throw new NotPositiveException(LocalizedFormats.EXPONENT, e);
}
try {
int exp = e;
int result = 1;
int k2p = k;
while (true) {
if ((exp & 0x1) != 0) {
result = mulAndCheck(result, k2p);
}
exp >>= 1;
if (exp == 0) {
break;
}
k2p = mulAndCheck(k2p, k2p);
}
return result;
} catch (MathArithmeticException mae) {
// Add context information.
mae.getContext().addMessage(LocalizedFormats.OVERFLOW);
mae.getContext().addMessage(LocalizedFormats.BASE, k);
mae.getContext().addMessage(LocalizedFormats.EXPONENT, e);
// Rethrow.
throw mae;
}
}
/**
* Raise an int to a long power.
*
* @param k Number to raise.
* @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
* @return k<sup>e</sup>
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code e < 0}.
* @deprecated As of 3.3. Please use {@link #pow(int,int)} instead.
*/
@Deprecated
public static int pow(final int k, long e) throws NotPositiveException {
if (e < 0) {
throw new NotPositiveException(LocalizedFormats.EXPONENT, e);
}
int result = 1;
int k2p = k;
while (e != 0) {
if ((e & 0x1) != 0) {
result *= k2p;
}
k2p *= k2p;
e >>= 1;
}
return result;
}
/**
* Raise a long to an int power.
*
* @param k Number to raise.
* @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
* @return \( k^e \)
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code e < 0}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result would overflow.
*/
public static long pow(final long k,
final int e)
throws NotPositiveException,
MathArithmeticException {
if (e < 0) {
throw new NotPositiveException(LocalizedFormats.EXPONENT, e);
}
try {
int exp = e;
long result = 1;
long k2p = k;
while (true) {
if ((exp & 0x1) != 0) {
result = mulAndCheck(result, k2p);
}
exp >>= 1;
if (exp == 0) {
break;
}
k2p = mulAndCheck(k2p, k2p);
}
return result;
} catch (MathArithmeticException mae) {
// Add context information.
mae.getContext().addMessage(LocalizedFormats.OVERFLOW);
mae.getContext().addMessage(LocalizedFormats.BASE, k);
mae.getContext().addMessage(LocalizedFormats.EXPONENT, e);
// Rethrow.
throw mae;
}
}
/**
* Raise a long to a long power.
*
* @param k Number to raise.
* @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
* @return k<sup>e</sup>
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code e < 0}.
* @deprecated As of 3.3. Please use {@link #pow(long,int)} instead.
*/
@Deprecated
public static long pow(final long k, long e) throws NotPositiveException {
if (e < 0) {
throw new NotPositiveException(LocalizedFormats.EXPONENT, e);
}
long result = 1l;
long k2p = k;
while (e != 0) {
if ((e & 0x1) != 0) {
result *= k2p;
}
k2p *= k2p;
e >>= 1;
}
return result;
}
/**
* Raise a BigInteger to an int power.
*
* @param k Number to raise.
* @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
* @return k<sup>e</sup>
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code e < 0}.
*/
public static BigInteger pow(final BigInteger k, int e) throws NotPositiveException {
if (e < 0) {
throw new NotPositiveException(LocalizedFormats.EXPONENT, e);
}
return k.pow(e);
}
/**
* Raise a BigInteger to a long power.
*
* @param k Number to raise.
* @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
* @return k<sup>e</sup>
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code e < 0}.
*/
public static BigInteger pow(final BigInteger k, long e) throws NotPositiveException {
if (e < 0) {
throw new NotPositiveException(LocalizedFormats.EXPONENT, e);
}
BigInteger result = BigInteger.ONE;
BigInteger k2p = k;
while (e != 0) {
if ((e & 0x1) != 0) {
result = result.multiply(k2p);
}
k2p = k2p.multiply(k2p);
e >>= 1;
}
return result;
}
/**
* Raise a BigInteger to a BigInteger power.
*
* @param k Number to raise.
* @param e Exponent (must be positive or zero).
* @return k<sup>e</sup>
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code e < 0}.
*/
public static BigInteger pow(final BigInteger k, BigInteger e) throws NotPositiveException {
if (e.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) < 0) {
throw new NotPositiveException(LocalizedFormats.EXPONENT, e);
}
BigInteger result = BigInteger.ONE;
BigInteger k2p = k;
while (!BigInteger.ZERO.equals(e)) {
if (e.testBit(0)) {
result = result.multiply(k2p);
}
k2p = k2p.multiply(k2p);
e = e.shiftRight(1);
}
return result;
}
/**
* Returns the <a
* href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/StirlingNumberoftheSecondKind.html">
* Stirling number of the second kind</a>, "{@code S(n,k)}", the number of
* ways of partitioning an {@code n}-element set into {@code k} non-empty
* subsets.
* <p>
* The preconditions are {@code 0 <= k <= n } (otherwise
* {@code NotPositiveException} is thrown)
* </p>
* @param n the size of the set
* @param k the number of non-empty subsets
* @return {@code S(n,k)}
* @throws NotPositiveException if {@code k < 0}.
* @throws NumberIsTooLargeException if {@code k > n}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if some overflow happens, typically for n exceeding 25 and
* k between 20 and n-2 (S(n,n-1) is handled specifically and does not overflow)
* @since 3.1
* @deprecated use {@link CombinatoricsUtils#stirlingS2(int, int)}
*/
@Deprecated
// public static long stirlingS2(final int n, final int k)
// throws NotPositiveException, NumberIsTooLargeException,
// MathArithmeticException {
// return CombinatoricsUtils.stirlingS2(n, k);
//
// }
/**
* Add two long integers, checking for overflow.
*
* @param a Addend.
* @param b Addend.
* @param pattern Pattern to use for any thrown exception.
* @return the sum {@code a + b}.
* @throws MathArithmeticException if the result cannot be represented
* as a {@code long}.
* @since 1.2
*/
private static long addAndCheck(long a, long b, Localizable pattern) throws MathArithmeticException {
final long result = a + b;
if (!((a ^ b) < 0 | (a ^ result) >= 0)) {
throw new MathArithmeticException(pattern, a, b);
}
return result;
}
/**
* Returns true if the argument is a power of two.
*
* @param n the number to test
* @return true if the argument is a power of two
*/
public static boolean isPowerOfTwo(long n) {
return (n > 0) && ((n & (n - 1)) == 0);
}
}