/*
* @(#)HashSet.java 1.26 06/10/10
*
* Copyright 1990-2008 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* General Public License version 2 for more details (a copy is
* included at /legal/license.txt).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* version 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
* 02110-1301 USA
*
* Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa
* Clara, CA 95054 or visit www.sun.com if you need additional
* information or have any questions.
*
*/
package java.util;
/**
* This class implements the <tt>Set</tt> interface, backed by a hash table
* (actually a <tt>HashMap</tt> instance). It makes no guarantees as to the
* iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the
* order will remain constant over time. This class permits the <tt>null</tt>
* element.<p>
*
* This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations
* (<tt>add</tt>, <tt>remove</tt>, <tt>contains</tt> and <tt>size</tt>),
* assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the
* buckets. Iterating over this set requires time proportional to the sum of
* the <tt>HashSet</tt> instance's size (the number of elements) plus the
* "capacity" of the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance (the number of
* buckets). Thus, it's very important not to set the initial capacity too
* high (or the load factor too low) if iteration performance is important.<p>
*
* <b>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</b> If multiple
* threads access a set concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies
* the set, it <i>must</i> be synchronized externally. This is typically
* accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates
* the set. If no such object exists, the set should be "wrapped" using the
* <tt>Collections.synchronizedSet</tt> method. This is best done at creation
* time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the <tt>HashSet</tt>
* instance:
*
* <pre>
* Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet(...));
* </pre><p>
*
* The iterators returned by this class's <tt>iterator</tt> method are
* <i>fail-fast</i>: if the set is modified at any time after the iterator is
* created, in any way except through the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt>
* method, the Iterator throws a <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt>.
* Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly
* and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at
* an undetermined time in the future.
*
* <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
* as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
* presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
* throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
* Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
* exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
* should be used only to detect bugs.</i><p>
*
* This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../guide/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @version 1.19, 02/02/00
* @see Collection
* @see Set
* @see TreeSet
* @see Collections#synchronizedSet(Set)
* @see HashMap
* @since 1.2
*/
public class HashSet extends AbstractSet
implements Set, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
static final long serialVersionUID = -5024744406713321676L;
private transient HashMap map;
// Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashSet() {
map = new HashMap();
}
/**
* Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
* collection. The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with default load factor
* (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to contain the elements in
* the specified collection.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this set.
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null.
*/
public HashSet(Collection c) {
map = new HashMap(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
addAll(c);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map.
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive.
*/
public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
map = new HashMap(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* the specified initial capacity and default load factor, which is
* <tt>0.75</tt>.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash table.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero.
*/
public HashSet(int initialCapacity) {
map = new HashMap(initialCapacity);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty linked hash set. (This package private
* constructor is only used by LinkedHashSet.) The backing
* HashMap instance is a LinkedHashMap with the specified initial
* capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map.
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map.
* @param dummy ignored (distinguishes this
* constructor from other int, float constructor.)
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive.
*/
HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) {
map = new LinkedHashMap(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
/**
* Returns an iterator over the elements in this set. The elements
* are returned in no particular order.
*
* @return an Iterator over the elements in this set.
* @see ConcurrentModificationException
*/
public Iterator iterator() {
return map.keySet().iterator();
}
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
*
* @return the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
*/
public int size() {
return map.size();
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements.
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return map.isEmpty();
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element.
*
* @param o element whose presence in this set is to be tested.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element.
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return map.containsKey(o);
}
/**
* Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already
* present.
*
* @param o element to be added to this set.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the set did not already contain the specified
* element.
*/
public boolean add(Object o) {
return map.put(o, PRESENT)==null;
}
/**
* Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.
*
* @param o object to be removed from this set, if present.
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the set contained the specified element.
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
return map.remove(o)==PRESENT;
}
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this set.
*/
public void clear() {
map.clear();
}
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>HashSet</tt> instance: the elements
* themselves are not cloned.
*
* @return a shallow copy of this set.
*/
public Object clone() {
try {
HashSet newSet = (HashSet)super.clone();
newSet.map = (HashMap)map.clone();
return newSet;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new InternalError();
}
}
/**
* Save the state of this <tt>HashSet</tt> instance to a stream (that is,
* serialize this set).
*
* @serialData The capacity of the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance
* (int), and its load factor (float) are emitted, followed by
* the size of the set (the number of elements it contains)
* (int), followed by all of its elements (each an Object) in
* no particular order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException {
// Write out any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out HashMap capacity and load factor
s.writeInt(map.capacity());
s.writeFloat(map.loadFactor());
// Write out size
s.writeInt(map.size());
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (Iterator i=map.keySet().iterator(); i.hasNext(); )
s.writeObject(i.next());
}
/**
* Reconstitute the <tt>HashSet</tt> instance from a stream (that is,
* deserialize it).
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
// Read in any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in HashMap capacity and load factor and create backing HashMap
int capacity = s.readInt();
float loadFactor = s.readFloat();
map = (this instanceof LinkedHashSet ?
new LinkedHashMap(capacity, loadFactor) :
new HashMap(capacity, loadFactor));
// Read in size
int size = s.readInt();
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
Object e = s.readObject();
map.put(e, PRESENT);
}
}
}