act function writen as a while loop: public int fact(int n) { int ans = 1; for (int x = n ; x > 0; x = x - 1) { ans = ans * x; } return ans; } //2. public String StringReverse(String s) { String ans = ""; for (int place = s.length() - 1 ; place > -1; place = place - 1) { ans = ans + s.substring(place, place + 1); } return ans; } //3. public String table(int m, int n) { String ans = ""; for (int a = 0; a <= m; a = a + 1) { for (int b = 0; b <= n; b = b + 1) { if (a == 0 && b != 0) { ans = ans + " " + b; } else if (a != 0 && b == 0) { ans = ans + "\n" + a; } else if (a != 0 && b != 0) { ans = ans + " " + a * b; } } } return ans; } }