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* Licensed to Elasticsearch under one or more contributor
* license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright
* ownership. Elasticsearch licenses this file to you under
* the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
* not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.elasticsearch.common.geo;
import org.apache.lucene.geo.Rectangle;
import org.apache.lucene.spatial.util.MortonEncoder;
import org.apache.lucene.util.BitUtil;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
/**
* Utilities for converting to/from the GeoHash standard
*
* The geohash long format is represented as lon/lat (x/y) interleaved with the 4 least significant bits
* representing the level (1-12) [xyxy...xyxyllll]
*
* This differs from a morton encoded value which interleaves lat/lon (y/x).*
*/
public class GeoHashUtils {
private static final char[] BASE_32 = {'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6',
'7', '8', '9', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'j', 'k', 'm', 'n',
'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z'};
private static final String BASE_32_STRING = new String(BASE_32);
/** maximum precision for geohash strings */
public static final int PRECISION = 12;
/** number of bits used for quantizing latitude and longitude values */
public static final short BITS = 31;
/** scaling factors to convert lat/lon into unsigned space */
private static final double LAT_SCALE = (0x1L<<BITS)/180.0D;
private static final double LON_SCALE = (0x1L<<BITS)/360.0D;
private static final short MORTON_OFFSET = (BITS<<1) - (PRECISION*5);
// No instance:
private GeoHashUtils() {
}
/*************************
* 31 bit encoding utils *
*************************/
public static long encodeLatLon(final double lat, final double lon) {
long result = MortonEncoder.encode(lat, lon);
if (result == 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFL) {
return result & 0xC000000000000000L;
}
return result >>> 2;
}
/**
* Encode lon/lat to the geohash based long format (lon/lat interleaved, 4 least significant bits = level)
*/
public static final long longEncode(final double lon, final double lat, final int level) {
// shift to appropriate level
final short msf = (short)(((12 - level) * 5) + MORTON_OFFSET);
return ((BitUtil.flipFlop(encodeLatLon(lat, lon)) >>> msf) << 4) | level;
}
/**
* Encode from geohash string to the geohash based long format (lon/lat interleaved, 4 least significant bits = level)
*/
public static final long longEncode(final String hash) {
int level = hash.length()-1;
long b;
long l = 0L;
for(char c : hash.toCharArray()) {
b = (long)(BASE_32_STRING.indexOf(c));
l |= (b<<(level--*5));
}
return (l<<4)|hash.length();
}
/**
* Encode an existing geohash long to the provided precision
*/
public static long longEncode(long geohash, int level) {
final short precision = (short)(geohash & 15);
if (precision == level) {
return geohash;
} else if (precision > level) {
return ((geohash >>> (((precision - level) * 5) + 4)) << 4) | level;
}
return ((geohash >>> 4) << (((level - precision) * 5) + 4) | level);
}
/**
* Convert from a morton encoded long from a geohash encoded long
*/
public static long fromMorton(long morton, int level) {
long mFlipped = BitUtil.flipFlop(morton);
mFlipped >>>= (((GeoHashUtils.PRECISION - level) * 5) + MORTON_OFFSET);
return (mFlipped << 4) | level;
}
/**
* Encode to a geohash string from the geohash based long format
*/
public static final String stringEncode(long geoHashLong) {
int level = (int)geoHashLong&15;
geoHashLong >>>= 4;
char[] chars = new char[level];
do {
chars[--level] = BASE_32[(int) (geoHashLong&31L)];
geoHashLong>>>=5;
} while(level > 0);
return new String(chars);
}
/**
* Encode to a geohash string from full resolution longitude, latitude)
*/
public static final String stringEncode(final double lon, final double lat) {
return stringEncode(lon, lat, 12);
}
/**
* Encode to a level specific geohash string from full resolution longitude, latitude
*/
public static final String stringEncode(final double lon, final double lat, final int level) {
// convert to geohashlong
final long ghLong = fromMorton(encodeLatLon(lat, lon), level);
return stringEncode(ghLong);
}
/**
* Encode to a full precision geohash string from a given morton encoded long value
*/
public static final String stringEncodeFromMortonLong(final long hashedVal) throws Exception {
return stringEncode(hashedVal, PRECISION);
}
/**
* Encode to a geohash string at a given level from a morton long
*/
public static final String stringEncodeFromMortonLong(long hashedVal, final int level) {
// bit twiddle to geohash (since geohash is a swapped (lon/lat) encoding)
hashedVal = BitUtil.flipFlop(hashedVal);
StringBuilder geoHash = new StringBuilder();
short precision = 0;
final short msf = (BITS<<1)-5;
long mask = 31L<<msf;
do {
geoHash.append(BASE_32[(int)((mask & hashedVal)>>>(msf-(precision*5)))]);
// next 5 bits
mask >>>= 5;
} while (++precision < level);
return geoHash.toString();
}
/**
* Encode to a morton long value from a given geohash string
*/
public static final long mortonEncode(final String hash) {
int level = 11;
long b;
long l = 0L;
for(char c : hash.toCharArray()) {
b = (long)(BASE_32_STRING.indexOf(c));
l |= (b<<((level--*5) + MORTON_OFFSET));
}
return BitUtil.flipFlop(l);
}
/**
* Encode to a morton long value from a given geohash long value
*/
public static final long mortonEncode(final long geoHashLong) {
final int level = (int)(geoHashLong&15);
final short odd = (short)(level & 1);
return BitUtil.flipFlop(((geoHashLong >>> 4) << odd) << (((12 - level) * 5) + (MORTON_OFFSET - odd)));
}
private static char encode(int x, int y) {
return BASE_32[((x & 1) + ((y & 1) * 2) + ((x & 2) * 2) + ((y & 2) * 4) + ((x & 4) * 4)) % 32];
}
/**
* Computes the bounding box coordinates from a given geohash
*
* @param geohash Geohash of the defined cell
* @return GeoRect rectangle defining the bounding box
*/
public static Rectangle bbox(final String geohash) {
// bottom left is the coordinate
GeoPoint bottomLeft = GeoPoint.fromGeohash(geohash);
long ghLong = longEncode(geohash);
// shift away the level
ghLong >>>= 4;
// deinterleave and add 1 to lat and lon to get topRight
long lat = BitUtil.deinterleave(ghLong >>> 1) + 1;
long lon = BitUtil.deinterleave(ghLong) + 1;
GeoPoint topRight = GeoPoint.fromGeohash(BitUtil.interleave((int)lon, (int)lat) << 4 | geohash.length());
return new Rectangle(bottomLeft.lat(), topRight.lat(), bottomLeft.lon(), topRight.lon());
}
/**
* Calculate all neighbors of a given geohash cell.
*
* @param geohash Geohash of the defined cell
* @return geohashes of all neighbor cells
*/
public static Collection<? extends CharSequence> neighbors(String geohash) {
return addNeighbors(geohash, geohash.length(), new ArrayList<CharSequence>(8));
}
/**
* Calculate the geohash of a neighbor of a geohash
*
* @param geohash the geohash of a cell
* @param level level of the geohash
* @param dx delta of the first grid coordinate (must be -1, 0 or +1)
* @param dy delta of the second grid coordinate (must be -1, 0 or +1)
* @return geohash of the defined cell
*/
public static final String neighbor(String geohash, int level, int dx, int dy) {
int cell = BASE_32_STRING.indexOf(geohash.charAt(level -1));
// Decoding the Geohash bit pattern to determine grid coordinates
int x0 = cell & 1; // first bit of x
int y0 = cell & 2; // first bit of y
int x1 = cell & 4; // second bit of x
int y1 = cell & 8; // second bit of y
int x2 = cell & 16; // third bit of x
// combine the bitpattern to grid coordinates.
// note that the semantics of x and y are swapping
// on each level
int x = x0 + (x1 / 2) + (x2 / 4);
int y = (y0 / 2) + (y1 / 4);
if (level == 1) {
// Root cells at north (namely "bcfguvyz") or at
// south (namely "0145hjnp") do not have neighbors
// in north/south direction
if ((dy < 0 && y == 0) || (dy > 0 && y == 3)) {
return null;
} else {
return Character.toString(encode(x + dx, y + dy));
}
} else {
// define grid coordinates for next level
final int nx = ((level % 2) == 1) ? (x + dx) : (x + dy);
final int ny = ((level % 2) == 1) ? (y + dy) : (y + dx);
// if the defined neighbor has the same parent a the current cell
// encode the cell directly. Otherwise find the cell next to this
// cell recursively. Since encoding wraps around within a cell
// it can be encoded here.
// xLimit and YLimit must always be respectively 7 and 3
// since x and y semantics are swapping on each level.
if (nx >= 0 && nx <= 7 && ny >= 0 && ny <= 3) {
return geohash.substring(0, level - 1) + encode(nx, ny);
} else {
String neighbor = neighbor(geohash, level - 1, dx, dy);
return (neighbor != null) ? neighbor + encode(nx, ny) : neighbor;
}
}
}
/**
* Add all geohashes of the cells next to a given geohash to a list.
*
* @param geohash Geohash of a specified cell
* @param neighbors list to add the neighbors to
* @return the given list
*/
public static final <E extends Collection<? super String>> E addNeighbors(String geohash, E neighbors) {
return addNeighbors(geohash, geohash.length(), neighbors);
}
/**
* Add all geohashes of the cells next to a given geohash to a list.
*
* @param geohash Geohash of a specified cell
* @param length level of the given geohash
* @param neighbors list to add the neighbors to
* @return the given list
*/
public static final <E extends Collection<? super String>> E addNeighbors(String geohash, int length, E neighbors) {
String south = neighbor(geohash, length, 0, -1);
String north = neighbor(geohash, length, 0, +1);
if (north != null) {
neighbors.add(neighbor(north, length, -1, 0));
neighbors.add(north);
neighbors.add(neighbor(north, length, +1, 0));
}
neighbors.add(neighbor(geohash, length, -1, 0));
neighbors.add(neighbor(geohash, length, +1, 0));
if (south != null) {
neighbors.add(neighbor(south, length, -1, 0));
neighbors.add(south);
neighbors.add(neighbor(south, length, +1, 0));
}
return neighbors;
}
/** decode longitude value from morton encoded geo point */
public static final double decodeLongitude(final long hash) {
return unscaleLon(BitUtil.deinterleave(hash));
}
/** decode latitude value from morton encoded geo point */
public static final double decodeLatitude(final long hash) {
return unscaleLat(BitUtil.deinterleave(hash >>> 1));
}
private static double unscaleLon(final long val) {
return (val / LON_SCALE) - 180;
}
private static double unscaleLat(final long val) {
return (val / LAT_SCALE) - 90;
}
/** returns the latitude value from the string based geohash */
public static final double decodeLatitude(final String geohash) {
return decodeLatitude(mortonEncode(geohash));
}
/** returns the latitude value from the string based geohash */
public static final double decodeLongitude(final String geohash) {
return decodeLongitude(mortonEncode(geohash));
}
}