/*
* Copyright 2003-2007 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.codehaus.groovy.classgen;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassHelper;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.ClassNode;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.FieldNode;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.GenericsType;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.MethodNode;
import org.codehaus.groovy.ast.Parameter;
import org.codehaus.groovy.reflection.ReflectionCache;
import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.typehandling.DefaultTypeTransformation;
import org.objectweb.asm.Label;
import org.objectweb.asm.MethodVisitor;
import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes;
/**
* A helper class for bytecode generation with AsmClassGenerator.
*
* @author <a href="mailto:james@coredevelopers.net">James Strachan</a>
* @author <a href="mailto:b55r@sina.com">Bing Ran</a>
* @author <a href="mailto:blackdrag@gmx.org">Jochen Theodorou</a>
* @version $Revision: 11949 $
*/
public class BytecodeHelper implements Opcodes {
private MethodVisitor mv;
public MethodVisitor getMethodVisitor() {
return mv;
}
public BytecodeHelper(MethodVisitor mv) {
this.mv = mv;
}
/**
* box the primitive value on the stack
*
* @param type
*/
public void quickBoxIfNecessary(ClassNode type) {
String descr = getTypeDescription(type);
if (type == ClassHelper.boolean_TYPE) {
boxBoolean();
} else if (ClassHelper.isPrimitiveType(type) && type != ClassHelper.VOID_TYPE) {
ClassNode wrapper = ClassHelper.getWrapper(type);
String internName = getClassInternalName(wrapper);
mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, internName);
mv.visitInsn(DUP);
if (type == ClassHelper.double_TYPE || type == ClassHelper.long_TYPE) {
mv.visitInsn(DUP2_X2);
mv.visitInsn(POP2);
} else {
mv.visitInsn(DUP2_X1);
mv.visitInsn(POP2);
}
mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, internName, "<init>", "(" + descr + ")V");
}
}
public void quickUnboxIfNecessary(ClassNode type) {
if (ClassHelper.isPrimitiveType(type) && type != ClassHelper.VOID_TYPE) { // todo care when BigDecimal or BigIneteger on stack
ClassNode wrapper = ClassHelper.getWrapper(type);
String internName = getClassInternalName(wrapper);
if (type == ClassHelper.boolean_TYPE) {
mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, internName);
mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, internName, type.getName() + "Value", "()" + getTypeDescription(type));
} else { // numbers
mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Number");
mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, /*internName*/"java/lang/Number", type.getName() + "Value", "()" + getTypeDescription(type));
}
}
}
/**
* Generates the bytecode to autobox the current value on the stack
*/
public void box(Class type) {
if (ReflectionCache.getCachedClass(type).isPrimitive && type != void.class) {
String returnString = "(" + getTypeDescription(type) + ")Ljava/lang/Object;";
mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, getClassInternalName(DefaultTypeTransformation.class.getName()), "box", returnString);
}
}
public void box(ClassNode type) {
if (type.isPrimaryClassNode()) return;
// FIXASC (groovychange)
if (type.isPrimitive())
// end
box(type.getTypeClass());
}
/**
* Generates the bytecode to unbox the current value on the stack
*/
public void unbox(Class type) {
if (type.isPrimitive() && type != Void.TYPE) {
String returnString = "(Ljava/lang/Object;)" + getTypeDescription(type);
mv.visitMethodInsn(
INVOKESTATIC,
getClassInternalName(DefaultTypeTransformation.class.getName()),
type.getName() + "Unbox",
returnString);
}
}
public void unbox(ClassNode type) {
if (type.isPrimaryClassNode()) return;
// FIXASC (groovychange)
if (type.isPrimitive())
// end
unbox(type.getTypeClass());
}
public static String getClassInternalName(ClassNode t) {
if (t.isPrimaryClassNode()) {
return getClassInternalName(t.getName());
}
// FIXASC (groovychange)
// oldcode
// return getClassInternalName(t.getTypeClass());
// newcode
// don't call getTypeClass() unless necessary
// FIXASC decide if this can ever get into trouble? the second part of the if was added because of FindInSource.groovy which
// refered to GroovyModel but that could not be found so we were left with an unresolved import and node in the code - crashed
// whilst doing the code gen
String name = t.getClassInternalName();
if (name==null) {
if (t.hasClass()) {
name = getClassInternalName(t.getTypeClass());
} else {
name = getClassInternalName(t.getName());
}
}
return name;
// end
}
public static String getClassInternalName(Class t) {
return org.objectweb.asm.Type.getInternalName(t);
}
/**
* @return the ASM internal name of the type
*/
public static String getClassInternalName(String name) {
return name.replace('.', '/');
}
/**
* @return the ASM method type descriptor
*/
public static String getMethodDescriptor(ClassNode returnType, Parameter[] parameters) {
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer("(");
for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
buffer.append(getTypeDescription(parameters[i].getType()));
}
buffer.append(")");
buffer.append(getTypeDescription(returnType));
return buffer.toString();
}
/**
* @return the ASM method type descriptor
*/
public static String getMethodDescriptor(Class returnType, Class[] paramTypes) {
// lets avoid class loading
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer("(");
for (int i = 0; i < paramTypes.length; i++) {
buffer.append(getTypeDescription(paramTypes[i]));
}
buffer.append(")");
buffer.append(getTypeDescription(returnType));
return buffer.toString();
}
public static String getTypeDescription(Class c) {
return org.objectweb.asm.Type.getDescriptor(c);
}
/**
* array types are special:
* eg.: String[]: classname: [Ljava.lang.String;
* Object: classname: java.lang.Object
* int[] : classname: [I
* unlike getTypeDescription '.' is not replaced by '/'.
* it seems that makes problems for
* the class loading if '.' is replaced by '/'
*
* @return the ASM type description for class loading
*/
public static String getClassLoadingTypeDescription(ClassNode c) {
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
boolean array = false;
while (true) {
if (c.isArray()) {
buf.append('[');
c = c.getComponentType();
array = true;
} else {
if (ClassHelper.isPrimitiveType(c)) {
buf.append(getTypeDescription(c));
} else {
if (array) buf.append('L');
buf.append(c.getName());
if (array) buf.append(';');
}
return buf.toString();
}
}
}
/**
* array types are special:
* eg.: String[]: classname: [Ljava/lang/String;
* int[]: [I
*
* @return the ASM type description
*/
public static String getTypeDescription(ClassNode c) {
return getTypeDescription(c, true);
}
/**
* array types are special:
* eg.: String[]: classname: [Ljava/lang/String;
* int[]: [I
*
* @return the ASM type description
*/
private static String getTypeDescription(ClassNode c, boolean end) {
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
ClassNode d = c;
while (true) {
if (ClassHelper.isPrimitiveType(d)) {
char car;
if (d == ClassHelper.int_TYPE) {
car = 'I';
} else if (d == ClassHelper.VOID_TYPE) {
car = 'V';
} else if (d == ClassHelper.boolean_TYPE) {
car = 'Z';
} else if (d == ClassHelper.byte_TYPE) {
car = 'B';
} else if (d == ClassHelper.char_TYPE) {
car = 'C';
} else if (d == ClassHelper.short_TYPE) {
car = 'S';
} else if (d == ClassHelper.double_TYPE) {
car = 'D';
} else if (d == ClassHelper.float_TYPE) {
car = 'F';
} else /* long */ {
car = 'J';
}
buf.append(car);
return buf.toString();
} else if (d.isArray()) {
buf.append('[');
d = d.getComponentType();
} else {
buf.append('L');
String name = d.getName();
int len = name.length();
for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
char car = name.charAt(i);
buf.append(car == '.' ? '/' : car);
}
if (end) buf.append(';');
return buf.toString();
}
}
}
/**
* @return an array of ASM internal names of the type
*/
public static String[] getClassInternalNames(ClassNode[] names) {
int size = names.length;
String[] answer = new String[size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
answer[i] = getClassInternalName(names[i]);
}
return answer;
}
protected void pushConstant(boolean value) {
if (value) {
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_1);
} else {
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_0);
}
}
public void pushConstant(int value) {
switch (value) {
case 0:
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_0);
break;
case 1:
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_1);
break;
case 2:
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_2);
break;
case 3:
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_3);
break;
case 4:
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_4);
break;
case 5:
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_5);
break;
default:
if (value >= Byte.MIN_VALUE && value <= Byte.MAX_VALUE) {
mv.visitIntInsn(BIPUSH, value);
} else if (value >= Short.MIN_VALUE && value <= Short.MAX_VALUE) {
mv.visitIntInsn(SIPUSH, value);
} else {
mv.visitLdcInsn(Integer.valueOf(value));
}
}
}
public void doCast(Class type) {
if (type != Object.class) {
if (type.isPrimitive() && type != Void.TYPE) {
unbox(type);
} else {
mv.visitTypeInsn(
CHECKCAST,
type.isArray() ? getTypeDescription(type) : getClassInternalName(type.getName()));
}
}
}
public void doCast(ClassNode type) {
if (type == ClassHelper.OBJECT_TYPE) return;
if (ClassHelper.isPrimitiveType(type) && type != ClassHelper.VOID_TYPE) {
unbox(type);
} else {
mv.visitTypeInsn(
CHECKCAST,
type.isArray() ? getTypeDescription(type) : getClassInternalName(type));
}
}
public void load(ClassNode type, int idx) {
if (type == ClassHelper.double_TYPE) {
mv.visitVarInsn(DLOAD, idx);
} else if (type == ClassHelper.float_TYPE) {
mv.visitVarInsn(FLOAD, idx);
} else if (type == ClassHelper.long_TYPE) {
mv.visitVarInsn(LLOAD, idx);
} else if (
type == ClassHelper.boolean_TYPE
|| type == ClassHelper.char_TYPE
|| type == ClassHelper.byte_TYPE
|| type == ClassHelper.int_TYPE
|| type == ClassHelper.short_TYPE) {
mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, idx);
} else {
mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, idx);
}
}
public void load(Variable v) {
load(v.getType(), v.getIndex());
}
public void store(Variable v, boolean markStart) {
ClassNode type = v.getType();
unbox(type);
int idx = v.getIndex();
if (type == ClassHelper.double_TYPE) {
mv.visitVarInsn(DSTORE, idx);
} else if (type == ClassHelper.float_TYPE) {
mv.visitVarInsn(FSTORE, idx);
} else if (type == ClassHelper.long_TYPE) {
mv.visitVarInsn(LSTORE, idx);
} else if (
type == ClassHelper.boolean_TYPE
|| type == ClassHelper.char_TYPE
|| type == ClassHelper.byte_TYPE
|| type == ClassHelper.int_TYPE
|| type == ClassHelper.short_TYPE) {
mv.visitVarInsn(ISTORE, idx);
} else {
mv.visitVarInsn(ASTORE, idx);
}
}
public void store(Variable v) {
store(v, false);
}
/**
* load the constant on the operand stack. primitives auto-boxed.
*/
void loadConstant(Object value) {
if (value == null) {
mv.visitInsn(ACONST_NULL);
} else if (value instanceof String) {
mv.visitLdcInsn(value);
} else if (value instanceof Character) {
String className = "java/lang/Character";
mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, className);
mv.visitInsn(DUP);
mv.visitLdcInsn(value);
String methodType = "(C)V";
mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, className, "<init>", methodType);
} else if (value instanceof Number) {
/** todo it would be more efficient to generate class constants */
Number n = (Number) value;
String className = BytecodeHelper.getClassInternalName(value.getClass().getName());
mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, className);
mv.visitInsn(DUP);
String methodType;
if (n instanceof Integer) {
//pushConstant(n.intValue());
mv.visitLdcInsn(n);
methodType = "(I)V";
} else if (n instanceof Double) {
mv.visitLdcInsn(n);
methodType = "(D)V";
} else if (n instanceof Float) {
mv.visitLdcInsn(n);
methodType = "(F)V";
} else if (n instanceof Long) {
mv.visitLdcInsn(n);
methodType = "(J)V";
} else if (n instanceof BigDecimal) {
mv.visitLdcInsn(n.toString());
methodType = "(Ljava/lang/String;)V";
} else if (n instanceof BigInteger) {
mv.visitLdcInsn(n.toString());
methodType = "(Ljava/lang/String;)V";
} else if (n instanceof Short) {
mv.visitLdcInsn(n);
methodType = "(S)V";
} else if (n instanceof Byte) {
mv.visitLdcInsn(n);
methodType = "(B)V";
} else {
throw new ClassGeneratorException(
"Cannot generate bytecode for constant: " + value
+ " of type: " + value.getClass().getName()
+ ". Numeric constant type not supported.");
}
mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, className, "<init>", methodType);
} else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
Boolean bool = (Boolean) value;
String text = (bool.booleanValue()) ? "TRUE" : "FALSE";
mv.visitFieldInsn(GETSTATIC, "java/lang/Boolean", text, "Ljava/lang/Boolean;");
} else if (value instanceof Class) {
Class vc = (Class) value;
if (vc.getName().equals("java.lang.Void")) {
// load nothing here for void
} else {
throw new ClassGeneratorException(
"Cannot generate bytecode for constant: " + value + " of type: " + value.getClass().getName());
}
} else {
throw new ClassGeneratorException(
"Cannot generate bytecode for constant: " + value + " of type: " + value.getClass().getName());
}
}
/**
* load the value of the variable on the operand stack. unbox it if it's a reference
*
* @param variable
*/
public void loadVar(Variable variable) {
int index = variable.getIndex();
if (variable.isHolder()) {
mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, index);
mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "groovy/lang/Reference", "get", "()Ljava/lang/Object;");
} else {
load(variable);
if (variable != Variable.THIS_VARIABLE && variable != Variable.SUPER_VARIABLE) {
box(variable.getType());
}
}
}
public void storeVar(Variable variable) {
String type = variable.getTypeName();
int index = variable.getIndex();
if (variable.isHolder()) {
mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, index);
mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "groovy/lang/Reference", "set", "(Ljava/lang/Object;)V");
} else {
store(variable, false);
}
}
public void putField(FieldNode fld) {
putField(fld, getClassInternalName(fld.getOwner()));
}
public void putField(FieldNode fld, String ownerName) {
mv.visitFieldInsn(PUTFIELD, ownerName, fld.getName(), getTypeDescription(fld.getType()));
}
public void swapObjectWith(ClassNode type) {
if (type == ClassHelper.long_TYPE || type == ClassHelper.double_TYPE) {
mv.visitInsn(DUP_X2);
mv.visitInsn(POP);
} else {
mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
}
}
public void swapWithObject(ClassNode type) {
if (type == ClassHelper.long_TYPE || type == ClassHelper.double_TYPE) {
mv.visitInsn(DUP2_X1);
mv.visitInsn(POP2);
} else {
mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
}
}
public static ClassNode boxOnPrimitive(ClassNode type) {
if (!type.isArray()) return ClassHelper.getWrapper(type);
return boxOnPrimitive(type.getComponentType()).makeArray();
}
/**
* convert boolean to Boolean
*/
public void boxBoolean() {
Label l0 = new Label();
mv.visitJumpInsn(IFEQ, l0);
mv.visitFieldInsn(GETSTATIC, "java/lang/Boolean", "TRUE", "Ljava/lang/Boolean;");
Label l1 = new Label();
mv.visitJumpInsn(GOTO, l1);
mv.visitLabel(l0);
mv.visitFieldInsn(GETSTATIC, "java/lang/Boolean", "FALSE", "Ljava/lang/Boolean;");
mv.visitLabel(l1);
}
/**
* negate a boolean on stack. true->false, false->true
*/
public void negateBoolean() {
// code to negate the primitive boolean
Label endLabel = new Label();
Label falseLabel = new Label();
mv.visitJumpInsn(IFNE, falseLabel);
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_1);
mv.visitJumpInsn(GOTO, endLabel);
mv.visitLabel(falseLabel);
mv.visitInsn(ICONST_0);
mv.visitLabel(endLabel);
}
/**
* load a message on the stack and remove it right away. Good for put a mark in the generated bytecode for debugging purpose.
*
* @param msg
*/
public void mark(String msg) {
mv.visitLdcInsn(msg);
mv.visitInsn(POP);
}
/**
* returns a name that Class.forName() can take. Notablely for arrays:
* [I, [Ljava.lang.String; etc
* Regular object type: java.lang.String
*
* @param name
*/
public static String formatNameForClassLoading(String name) {
if (name.equals("int")
|| name.equals("long")
|| name.equals("short")
|| name.equals("float")
|| name.equals("double")
|| name.equals("byte")
|| name.equals("char")
|| name.equals("boolean")
|| name.equals("void")
) {
return name;
}
if (name == null) {
return "java.lang.Object;";
}
if (name.startsWith("[")) {
return name.replace('/', '.');
}
if (name.startsWith("L")) {
name = name.substring(1);
if (name.endsWith(";")) {
name = name.substring(0, name.length() - 1);
}
return name.replace('/', '.');
}
String prefix = "";
if (name.endsWith("[]")) { // todo need process multi
prefix = "[";
name = name.substring(0, name.length() - 2);
if (name.equals("int")) {
return prefix + "I";
} else if (name.equals("long")) {
return prefix + "J";
} else if (name.equals("short")) {
return prefix + "S";
} else if (name.equals("float")) {
return prefix + "F";
} else if (name.equals("double")) {
return prefix + "D";
} else if (name.equals("byte")) {
return prefix + "B";
} else if (name.equals("char")) {
return prefix + "C";
} else if (name.equals("boolean")) {
return prefix + "Z";
} else {
return prefix + "L" + name.replace('/', '.') + ";";
}
}
return name.replace('/', '.');
}
public void dup() {
mv.visitInsn(DUP);
}
public void doReturn(ClassNode returnType) {
if (returnType == ClassHelper.double_TYPE) {
mv.visitInsn(DRETURN);
} else if (returnType == ClassHelper.float_TYPE) {
mv.visitInsn(FRETURN);
} else if (returnType == ClassHelper.long_TYPE) {
mv.visitInsn(LRETURN);
} else if (
returnType == ClassHelper.boolean_TYPE
|| returnType == ClassHelper.char_TYPE
|| returnType == ClassHelper.byte_TYPE
|| returnType == ClassHelper.int_TYPE
|| returnType == ClassHelper.short_TYPE) {
//byte,short,boolean,int are all IRETURN
mv.visitInsn(IRETURN);
} else if (returnType == ClassHelper.VOID_TYPE) {
mv.visitInsn(RETURN);
} else {
mv.visitInsn(ARETURN);
}
}
private static boolean hasGenerics(Parameter[] param) {
if (param.length == 0) return false;
for (int i = 0; i < param.length; i++) {
ClassNode type = param[i].getType();
if (type.getGenericsTypes() != null) return true;
}
return false;
}
public static String getGenericsMethodSignature(MethodNode node) {
GenericsType[] generics = node.getGenericsTypes();
Parameter[] param = node.getParameters();
ClassNode returnType = node.getReturnType();
if (generics == null && !hasGenerics(param) && returnType.getGenericsTypes() == null) return null;
StringBuffer ret = new StringBuffer(100);
getGenericsTypeSpec(ret, generics);
GenericsType[] paramTypes = new GenericsType[param.length];
for (int i = 0; i < param.length; i++) {
ClassNode pType = param[i].getType();
if (pType.getGenericsTypes() == null || !pType.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) {
paramTypes[i] = new GenericsType(pType);
} else {
paramTypes[i] = pType.getGenericsTypes()[0];
}
}
addSubTypes(ret, paramTypes, "(", ")");
if (returnType.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) {
addSubTypes(ret, returnType.getGenericsTypes(), "", "");
} else {
writeGenericsBounds(ret, new GenericsType(returnType), false);
}
return ret.toString();
}
private static boolean usesGenericsInClassSignature(ClassNode node) {
if (!node.isUsingGenerics()) return false;
if (node.getGenericsTypes() != null) return true;
ClassNode sclass = node.getUnresolvedSuperClass(false);
if (sclass.isUsingGenerics()) return true;
ClassNode[] interfaces = node.getInterfaces();
if (interfaces != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
if (interfaces[i].isUsingGenerics()) return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static String getGenericsSignature(ClassNode node) {
if (!usesGenericsInClassSignature(node)) return null;
GenericsType[] genericsTypes = node.getGenericsTypes();
StringBuffer ret = new StringBuffer(100);
getGenericsTypeSpec(ret, genericsTypes);
GenericsType extendsPart = new GenericsType(node.getUnresolvedSuperClass(false));
writeGenericsBounds(ret, extendsPart, true);
ClassNode[] interfaces = node.getInterfaces();
for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
GenericsType interfacePart = new GenericsType(interfaces[i]);
writeGenericsBounds(ret, interfacePart, false);
}
return ret.toString();
}
private static void getGenericsTypeSpec(StringBuffer ret, GenericsType[] genericsTypes) {
if (genericsTypes == null) return;
ret.append('<');
for (int i = 0; i < genericsTypes.length; i++) {
String name = genericsTypes[i].getName();
ret.append(name);
ret.append(':');
writeGenericsBounds(ret, genericsTypes[i], true);
}
ret.append('>');
}
public static String getGenericsBounds(ClassNode type) {
GenericsType[] genericsTypes = type.getGenericsTypes();
if (genericsTypes == null) return null;
StringBuffer ret = new StringBuffer(100);
if (type.isGenericsPlaceHolder()) {
addSubTypes(ret, type.getGenericsTypes(), "", "");
} else {
GenericsType gt = new GenericsType(type);
writeGenericsBounds(ret, gt, false);
}
return ret.toString();
}
private static void writeGenericsBoundType(StringBuffer ret, ClassNode printType, boolean writeInterfaceMarker) {
if (writeInterfaceMarker && printType.isInterface()) ret.append(":");
ret.append(getTypeDescription(printType, false));
addSubTypes(ret, printType.getGenericsTypes(), "<", ">");
if (!ClassHelper.isPrimitiveType(printType)) ret.append(";");
}
private static void writeGenericsBounds(StringBuffer ret, GenericsType type, boolean writeInterfaceMarker) {
if (type.getUpperBounds() != null) {
ClassNode[] bounds = type.getUpperBounds();
for (int i = 0; i < bounds.length; i++) {
writeGenericsBoundType(ret, bounds[i], writeInterfaceMarker);
}
} else if (type.getLowerBound() != null) {
writeGenericsBoundType(ret, type.getLowerBound(), writeInterfaceMarker);
} else {
writeGenericsBoundType(ret, type.getType(), writeInterfaceMarker);
}
}
private static void addSubTypes(StringBuffer ret, GenericsType[] types, String start, String end) {
if (types == null) return;
ret.append(start);
for (int i = 0; i < types.length; i++) {
String name = types[i].getName();
if (types[i].isPlaceholder()) {
ret.append('T');
ret.append(name);
ret.append(';');
} else if (types[i].isWildcard()) {
if (types[i].getUpperBounds() != null) {
ret.append('+');
writeGenericsBounds(ret, types[i], false);
} else if (types[i].getLowerBound() != null) {
ret.append('-');
writeGenericsBounds(ret, types[i], false);
} else {
ret.append('*');
}
} else {
writeGenericsBounds(ret, types[i], false);
}
}
ret.append(end);
}
}