/* * Copyright 2002-2008 the original author or authors. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation; import java.io.InputStream; import java.io.OutputStream; import java.io.Reader; import java.io.Writer; import java.lang.reflect.Method; import java.security.Principal; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.LinkedHashMap; import java.util.Locale; import java.util.Map; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.ServletRequest; import javax.servlet.ServletResponse; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession; import org.apache.commons.logging.Log; import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory; import org.springframework.beans.BeanUtils; import org.springframework.core.Conventions; import org.springframework.core.GenericTypeResolver; import org.springframework.core.LocalVariableTableParameterNameDiscoverer; import org.springframework.core.MethodParameter; import org.springframework.core.ParameterNameDiscoverer; import org.springframework.core.annotation.AnnotationUtils; import org.springframework.ui.ExtendedModelMap; import org.springframework.ui.Model; import org.springframework.util.AntPathMatcher; import org.springframework.util.Assert; import org.springframework.util.ClassUtils; import org.springframework.util.PathMatcher; import org.springframework.validation.support.BindingAwareModelMap; import org.springframework.web.HttpSessionRequiredException; import org.springframework.web.bind.MissingServletRequestParameterException; import org.springframework.web.bind.ServletRequestDataBinder; import org.springframework.web.bind.WebDataBinder; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.InitBinder; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.SessionAttributes; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.support.HandlerMethodInvoker; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.support.HandlerMethodResolver; import org.springframework.web.bind.support.DefaultSessionAttributeStore; import org.springframework.web.bind.support.SessionAttributeStore; import org.springframework.web.bind.support.WebArgumentResolver; import org.springframework.web.bind.support.WebBindingInitializer; import org.springframework.web.context.request.NativeWebRequest; import org.springframework.web.context.request.ServletWebRequest; import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerAdapter; import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView; import org.springframework.web.servlet.View; import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.multiaction.InternalPathMethodNameResolver; import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.multiaction.MethodNameResolver; import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.multiaction.NoSuchRequestHandlingMethodException; import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContextUtils; import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.WebContentGenerator; import org.springframework.web.util.UrlPathHelper; import org.springframework.web.util.WebUtils; /** * Implementation of the {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerAdapter} * interface that maps handler methods based on HTTP paths, HTTP methods and * request parameters expressed through the {@link RequestMapping} annotation. * * <p>Supports request parameter binding through the {@link RequestParam} annotation. * Also supports the {@link ModelAttribute} annotation for exposing model attribute * values to the view, as well as {@link InitBinder} for binder initialization methods * and {@link SessionAttributes} for automatic session management of specific attributes. * * <p>This adapter can be customized through various bean properties. * A common use case is to apply shared binder initialization logic through * a custom {@link #setWebBindingInitializer WebBindingInitializer}. * * @author Juergen Hoeller * @author Arjen Poutsma * @since 2.5 * @see #setPathMatcher * @see #setMethodNameResolver * @see #setWebBindingInitializer * @see #setSessionAttributeStore */ public class AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter extends WebContentGenerator implements HandlerAdapter { /** * Log category to use when no mapped handler is found for a request. * @see #pageNotFoundLogger */ public static final String PAGE_NOT_FOUND_LOG_CATEGORY = "org.springframework.web.servlet.PageNotFound"; /** * Additional logger to use when no mapped handler is found for a request. * @see #PAGE_NOT_FOUND_LOG_CATEGORY */ protected static final Log pageNotFoundLogger = LogFactory.getLog(PAGE_NOT_FOUND_LOG_CATEGORY); private UrlPathHelper urlPathHelper = new UrlPathHelper(); private PathMatcher pathMatcher = new AntPathMatcher(); private MethodNameResolver methodNameResolver = new InternalPathMethodNameResolver(); private WebBindingInitializer webBindingInitializer; private SessionAttributeStore sessionAttributeStore = new DefaultSessionAttributeStore(); private int cacheSecondsForSessionAttributeHandlers = 0; private boolean synchronizeOnSession = false; private ParameterNameDiscoverer parameterNameDiscoverer = new LocalVariableTableParameterNameDiscoverer(); private WebArgumentResolver[] customArgumentResolvers; private final Map<Class<?>, ServletHandlerMethodResolver> methodResolverCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>, ServletHandlerMethodResolver>(); public AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter() { // no restriction of HTTP methods by default super(false); } /** * Set if URL lookup should always use the full path within the current servlet * context. Else, the path within the current servlet mapping is used if applicable * (that is, in the case of a ".../*" servlet mapping in web.xml). * <p>Default is "false". * @see org.springframework.web.util.UrlPathHelper#setAlwaysUseFullPath */ public void setAlwaysUseFullPath(boolean alwaysUseFullPath) { this.urlPathHelper.setAlwaysUseFullPath(alwaysUseFullPath); } /** * Set if context path and request URI should be URL-decoded. Both are returned * <i>undecoded</i> by the Servlet API, in contrast to the servlet path. * <p>Uses either the request encoding or the default encoding according * to the Servlet spec (ISO-8859-1). * @see org.springframework.web.util.UrlPathHelper#setUrlDecode */ public void setUrlDecode(boolean urlDecode) { this.urlPathHelper.setUrlDecode(urlDecode); } /** * Set the UrlPathHelper to use for resolution of lookup paths. * <p>Use this to override the default UrlPathHelper with a custom subclass, * or to share common UrlPathHelper settings across multiple HandlerMappings * and HandlerAdapters. */ public void setUrlPathHelper(UrlPathHelper urlPathHelper) { Assert.notNull(urlPathHelper, "UrlPathHelper must not be null"); this.urlPathHelper = urlPathHelper; } /** * Set the PathMatcher implementation to use for matching URL paths * against registered URL patterns. Default is AntPathMatcher. * @see org.springframework.util.AntPathMatcher */ public void setPathMatcher(PathMatcher pathMatcher) { Assert.notNull(pathMatcher, "PathMatcher must not be null"); this.pathMatcher = pathMatcher; } /** * Set the MethodNameResolver to use for resolving default handler methods * (carrying an empty <code>@RequestMapping</code> annotation). * <p>Will only kick in when the handler method cannot be resolved uniquely * through the annotation metadata already. */ public void setMethodNameResolver(MethodNameResolver methodNameResolver) { this.methodNameResolver = methodNameResolver; } /** * Specify a WebBindingInitializer which will apply pre-configured * configuration to every DataBinder that this controller uses. */ public void setWebBindingInitializer(WebBindingInitializer webBindingInitializer) { this.webBindingInitializer = webBindingInitializer; } /** * Specify the strategy to store session attributes with. * <p>Default is {@link org.springframework.web.bind.support.DefaultSessionAttributeStore}, * storing session attributes in the HttpSession, using the same * attribute name as in the model. */ public void setSessionAttributeStore(SessionAttributeStore sessionAttributeStore) { Assert.notNull(sessionAttributeStore, "SessionAttributeStore must not be null"); this.sessionAttributeStore = sessionAttributeStore; } /** * Cache content produced by <code>@SessionAttributes</code> annotated handlers * for the given number of seconds. Default is 0, preventing caching completely. * <p>In contrast to the "cacheSeconds" property which will apply to all general * handlers (but not to <code>@SessionAttributes</code> annotated handlers), this * setting will apply to <code>@SessionAttributes</code> annotated handlers only. * @see #setCacheSeconds * @see org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.SessionAttributes */ public void setCacheSecondsForSessionAttributeHandlers(int cacheSecondsForSessionAttributeHandlers) { this.cacheSecondsForSessionAttributeHandlers = cacheSecondsForSessionAttributeHandlers; } /** * Set if controller execution should be synchronized on the session, * to serialize parallel invocations from the same client. * <p>More specifically, the execution of each handler method will get * synchronized if this flag is "true". The best available session mutex * will be used for the synchronization; ideally, this will be a mutex * exposed by HttpSessionMutexListener. * <p>The session mutex is guaranteed to be the same object during * the entire lifetime of the session, available under the key defined * by the <code>SESSION_MUTEX_ATTRIBUTE</code> constant. It serves as a * safe reference to synchronize on for locking on the current session. * <p>In many cases, the HttpSession reference itself is a safe mutex * as well, since it will always be the same object reference for the * same active logical session. However, this is not guaranteed across * different servlet containers; the only 100% safe way is a session mutex. * @see org.springframework.web.util.HttpSessionMutexListener * @see org.springframework.web.util.WebUtils#getSessionMutex(javax.servlet.http.HttpSession) */ public void setSynchronizeOnSession(boolean synchronizeOnSession) { this.synchronizeOnSession = synchronizeOnSession; } /** * Set the ParameterNameDiscoverer to use for resolving method parameter * names if needed (e.g. for default attribute names). * <p>Default is a {@link org.springframework.core.LocalVariableTableParameterNameDiscoverer}. */ public void setParameterNameDiscoverer(ParameterNameDiscoverer parameterNameDiscoverer) { this.parameterNameDiscoverer = parameterNameDiscoverer; } /** * Set a custom ArgumentResolvers to use for special method parameter types. * Such a custom ArgumentResolver will kick in first, having a chance to * resolve an argument value before the standard argument handling kicks in. */ public void setCustomArgumentResolver(WebArgumentResolver argumentResolver) { this.customArgumentResolvers = new WebArgumentResolver[] {argumentResolver}; } /** * Set one or more custom ArgumentResolvers to use for special method * parameter types. Any such custom ArgumentResolver will kick in first, * having a chance to resolve an argument value before the standard * argument handling kicks in. */ public void setCustomArgumentResolvers(WebArgumentResolver[] argumentResolvers) { this.customArgumentResolvers = argumentResolvers; } public boolean supports(Object handler) { return getMethodResolver(handler).hasHandlerMethods(); } public ModelAndView handle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception { if (handler.getClass().getAnnotation(SessionAttributes.class) != null) { // Always prevent caching in case of session attribute management. checkAndPrepare(request, response, this.cacheSecondsForSessionAttributeHandlers, true); // Prepare cached set of session attributes names. } else { // Uses configured default cacheSeconds setting. checkAndPrepare(request, response, true); } // Execute invokeHandlerMethod in synchronized block if required. if (this.synchronizeOnSession) { HttpSession session = request.getSession(false); if (session != null) { Object mutex = WebUtils.getSessionMutex(session); synchronized (mutex) { return invokeHandlerMethod(request, response, handler); } } } return invokeHandlerMethod(request, response, handler); } protected ModelAndView invokeHandlerMethod( HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception { try { ServletHandlerMethodResolver methodResolver = getMethodResolver(handler); Method handlerMethod = methodResolver.resolveHandlerMethod(request); ServletHandlerMethodInvoker methodInvoker = new ServletHandlerMethodInvoker(methodResolver); ServletWebRequest webRequest = new ServletWebRequest(request, response); ExtendedModelMap implicitModel = new BindingAwareModelMap(); Object result = methodInvoker.invokeHandlerMethod(handlerMethod, handler, webRequest, implicitModel); ModelAndView mav = methodInvoker.getModelAndView(handlerMethod, handler.getClass(), result, implicitModel, webRequest); methodInvoker.updateModelAttributes( handler, (mav != null ? mav.getModel() : null), implicitModel, webRequest); return mav; } catch (NoSuchRequestHandlingMethodException ex) { return handleNoSuchRequestHandlingMethod(ex, request, response); } } public long getLastModified(HttpServletRequest request, Object handler) { return -1; } /** * Handle the case where no request handler method was found. * <p>The default implementation logs a warning and sends an HTTP 404 error. * Alternatively, a fallback view could be chosen, or the * NoSuchRequestHandlingMethodException could be rethrown as-is. * @param ex the NoSuchRequestHandlingMethodException to be handled * @param request current HTTP request * @param response current HTTP response * @return a ModelAndView to render, or <code>null</code> if handled directly * @throws Exception an Exception that should be thrown as result of the servlet request */ protected ModelAndView handleNoSuchRequestHandlingMethod( NoSuchRequestHandlingMethodException ex, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { pageNotFoundLogger.warn(ex.getMessage()); response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND); return null; } /** * Template method for creating a new ServletRequestDataBinder instance. * <p>The default implementation creates a standard ServletRequestDataBinder. * This can be overridden for custom ServletRequestDataBinder subclasses. * @param request current HTTP request * @param target the target object to bind onto (or <code>null</code> * if the binder is just used to convert a plain parameter value) * @param objectName the objectName of the target object * @return the ServletRequestDataBinder instance to use * @throws Exception in case of invalid state or arguments * @see ServletRequestDataBinder#bind(javax.servlet.ServletRequest) * @see ServletRequestDataBinder#convertIfNecessary(Object, Class, MethodParameter) */ protected ServletRequestDataBinder createBinder( HttpServletRequest request, Object target, String objectName) throws Exception { return new ServletRequestDataBinder(target, objectName); } /** * Build a HandlerMethodResolver for the given handler type. */ private ServletHandlerMethodResolver getMethodResolver(Object handler) { Class handlerClass = ClassUtils.getUserClass(handler); ServletHandlerMethodResolver resolver = this.methodResolverCache.get(handlerClass); if (resolver == null) { resolver = new ServletHandlerMethodResolver(handlerClass); this.methodResolverCache.put(handlerClass, resolver); } return resolver; } private class ServletHandlerMethodResolver extends HandlerMethodResolver { public ServletHandlerMethodResolver(Class<?> handlerType) { super(handlerType); } public Method resolveHandlerMethod(HttpServletRequest request) throws ServletException { String lookupPath = urlPathHelper.getLookupPathForRequest(request); Map<RequestMappingInfo, Method> targetHandlerMethods = new LinkedHashMap<RequestMappingInfo, Method>(); Map<RequestMappingInfo, String> targetPathMatches = new LinkedHashMap<RequestMappingInfo, String>(); String resolvedMethodName = null; for (Method handlerMethod : getHandlerMethods()) { RequestMappingInfo mappingInfo = new RequestMappingInfo(); RequestMapping mapping = AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(handlerMethod, RequestMapping.class); mappingInfo.paths = mapping.value(); if (!hasTypeLevelMapping() || !Arrays.equals(mapping.method(), getTypeLevelMapping().method())) { mappingInfo.methods = mapping.method(); } if (!hasTypeLevelMapping() || !Arrays.equals(mapping.params(), getTypeLevelMapping().params())) { mappingInfo.params = mapping.params(); } boolean match = false; if (mappingInfo.paths.length > 0) { for (String mappedPath : mappingInfo.paths) { if (isPathMatch(mappedPath, lookupPath)) { if (checkParameters(mappingInfo, request)) { match = true; targetPathMatches.put(mappingInfo, mappedPath); } else { break; } } } } else { // No paths specified: parameter match sufficient. match = checkParameters(mappingInfo, request); if (match && mappingInfo.methods.length == 0 && mappingInfo.params.length == 0 && resolvedMethodName != null && !resolvedMethodName.equals(handlerMethod.getName())) { match = false; } } if (match) { Method oldMappedMethod = targetHandlerMethods.put(mappingInfo, handlerMethod); if (oldMappedMethod != null && oldMappedMethod != handlerMethod) { if (methodNameResolver != null && mappingInfo.paths.length == 0) { if (!oldMappedMethod.getName().equals(handlerMethod.getName())) { if (resolvedMethodName == null) { resolvedMethodName = methodNameResolver.getHandlerMethodName(request); } if (!resolvedMethodName.equals(oldMappedMethod.getName())) { oldMappedMethod = null; } if (!resolvedMethodName.equals(handlerMethod.getName())) { if (oldMappedMethod != null) { targetHandlerMethods.put(mappingInfo, oldMappedMethod); oldMappedMethod = null; } else { targetHandlerMethods.remove(mappingInfo); } } } } if (oldMappedMethod != null) { throw new IllegalStateException("Ambiguous handler methods mapped for HTTP path '" + lookupPath + "': {" + oldMappedMethod + ", " + handlerMethod + "}. If you intend to handle the same path in multiple methods, then factor " + "them out into a dedicated handler class with that path mapped at the type level!"); } } } } if (targetHandlerMethods.size() == 1) { return targetHandlerMethods.values().iterator().next(); } else if (!targetHandlerMethods.isEmpty()) { RequestMappingInfo bestMappingMatch = null; String bestPathMatch = null; for (RequestMappingInfo mapping : targetHandlerMethods.keySet()) { String mappedPath = targetPathMatches.get(mapping); if (bestMappingMatch == null) { bestMappingMatch = mapping; bestPathMatch = mappedPath; } else { if (isBetterPathMatch(mappedPath, bestPathMatch, lookupPath) || (!isBetterPathMatch(bestPathMatch, mappedPath, lookupPath) && (isBetterMethodMatch(mapping, bestMappingMatch) || (!isBetterMethodMatch(bestMappingMatch, mapping) && isBetterParamMatch(mapping, bestMappingMatch))))) { bestMappingMatch = mapping; bestPathMatch = mappedPath; } } } return targetHandlerMethods.get(bestMappingMatch); } else { throw new NoSuchRequestHandlingMethodException(lookupPath, request.getMethod(), request.getParameterMap()); } } private boolean isPathMatch(String mappedPath, String lookupPath) { if (mappedPath.equals(lookupPath) || pathMatcher.match(mappedPath, lookupPath)) { return true; } boolean hasSuffix = (mappedPath.indexOf('.') != -1); if (!hasSuffix && pathMatcher.match(mappedPath + ".*", lookupPath)) { return true; } return (!mappedPath.startsWith("/") && (lookupPath.endsWith(mappedPath) || pathMatcher.match("/**/" + mappedPath, lookupPath) || (!hasSuffix && pathMatcher.match("/**/" + mappedPath + ".*", lookupPath)))); } private boolean checkParameters(RequestMappingInfo mapping, HttpServletRequest request) { return ServletAnnotationMappingUtils.checkRequestMethod(mapping.methods, request) && ServletAnnotationMappingUtils.checkParameters(mapping.params, request); } private boolean isBetterPathMatch(String mappedPath, String mappedPathToCompare, String lookupPath) { return (mappedPath != null && (mappedPathToCompare == null || mappedPathToCompare.length() < mappedPath.length() || (mappedPath.equals(lookupPath) && !mappedPathToCompare.equals(lookupPath)))); } private boolean isBetterMethodMatch(RequestMappingInfo mapping, RequestMappingInfo mappingToCompare) { return (mappingToCompare.methods.length == 0 && mapping.methods.length > 0); } private boolean isBetterParamMatch(RequestMappingInfo mapping, RequestMappingInfo mappingToCompare) { return (mappingToCompare.params.length < mapping.params.length); } } private class ServletHandlerMethodInvoker extends HandlerMethodInvoker { private boolean responseArgumentUsed = false; public ServletHandlerMethodInvoker(HandlerMethodResolver resolver) { super(resolver, webBindingInitializer, sessionAttributeStore, parameterNameDiscoverer, customArgumentResolvers); } @Override protected void raiseMissingParameterException(String paramName, Class paramType) throws Exception { throw new MissingServletRequestParameterException(paramName, paramType.getName()); } @Override protected void raiseSessionRequiredException(String message) throws Exception { throw new HttpSessionRequiredException(message); } @Override protected WebDataBinder createBinder(NativeWebRequest webRequest, Object target, String objectName) throws Exception { return AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.this.createBinder( (HttpServletRequest) webRequest.getNativeRequest(), target, objectName); } @Override protected void doBind(NativeWebRequest webRequest, WebDataBinder binder, boolean failOnErrors) throws Exception { ServletRequestDataBinder servletBinder = (ServletRequestDataBinder) binder; servletBinder.bind((ServletRequest) webRequest.getNativeRequest()); if (failOnErrors) { servletBinder.closeNoCatch(); } } @Override protected Object resolveStandardArgument(Class parameterType, NativeWebRequest webRequest) throws Exception { HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest) webRequest.getNativeRequest(); HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) webRequest.getNativeResponse(); if (ServletRequest.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterType)) { return request; } else if (ServletResponse.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterType)) { this.responseArgumentUsed = true; return response; } else if (HttpSession.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterType)) { return request.getSession(); } else if (Principal.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterType)) { return request.getUserPrincipal(); } else if (Locale.class.equals(parameterType)) { return RequestContextUtils.getLocale(request); } else if (InputStream.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterType)) { return request.getInputStream(); } else if (Reader.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterType)) { return request.getReader(); } else if (OutputStream.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterType)) { this.responseArgumentUsed = true; return response.getOutputStream(); } else if (Writer.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterType)) { this.responseArgumentUsed = true; return response.getWriter(); } return super.resolveStandardArgument(parameterType, webRequest); } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public ModelAndView getModelAndView(Method handlerMethod, Class handlerType, Object returnValue, ExtendedModelMap implicitModel, ServletWebRequest webRequest) { if (returnValue instanceof ModelAndView) { ModelAndView mav = (ModelAndView) returnValue; mav.getModelMap().mergeAttributes(implicitModel); return mav; } else if (returnValue instanceof Model) { return new ModelAndView().addAllObjects(implicitModel).addAllObjects(((Model) returnValue).asMap()); } else if (returnValue instanceof Map) { return new ModelAndView().addAllObjects(implicitModel).addAllObjects((Map) returnValue); } else if (returnValue instanceof View) { return new ModelAndView((View) returnValue).addAllObjects(implicitModel); } else if (returnValue instanceof String) { return new ModelAndView((String) returnValue).addAllObjects(implicitModel); } else if (returnValue == null) { // Either returned null or was 'void' return. if (this.responseArgumentUsed || webRequest.isNotModified()) { return null; } else { // Assuming view name translation... return new ModelAndView().addAllObjects(implicitModel); } } else if (!BeanUtils.isSimpleProperty(returnValue.getClass())) { // Assume a single model attribute... ModelAttribute attr = AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(handlerMethod, ModelAttribute.class); String attrName = (attr != null ? attr.value() : ""); ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView().addAllObjects(implicitModel); if ("".equals(attrName)) { Class resolvedType = GenericTypeResolver.resolveReturnType(handlerMethod, handlerType); attrName = Conventions.getVariableNameForReturnType(handlerMethod, resolvedType, returnValue); } return mav.addObject(attrName, returnValue); } else { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid handler method return value: " + returnValue); } } } private static class RequestMappingInfo { public String[] paths = new String[0]; public RequestMethod[] methods = new RequestMethod[0]; public String[] params = new String[0]; public boolean equals(Object obj) { RequestMappingInfo other = (RequestMappingInfo) obj; return (Arrays.equals(this.paths, other.paths) && Arrays.equals(this.methods, other.methods) && Arrays.equals(this.params, other.params)); } public int hashCode() { return (Arrays.hashCode(this.paths) * 29 + Arrays.hashCode(this.methods) * 31 + Arrays.hashCode(this.params)); } } }