/*
* Copyright 2012 The Netty Project
*
* The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
* version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package io.netty.channel.nio;
import io.netty.channel.Channel;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelException;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoop;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopException;
import io.netty.channel.SelectStrategy;
import io.netty.channel.SingleThreadEventLoop;
import io.netty.util.IntSupplier;
import io.netty.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionHandler;
import io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent;
import io.netty.util.internal.ReflectionUtil;
import io.netty.util.internal.SystemPropertyUtil;
import io.netty.util.internal.logging.InternalLogger;
import io.netty.util.internal.logging.InternalLoggerFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.nio.channels.CancelledKeyException;
import java.nio.channels.SelectableChannel;
import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
import java.nio.channels.Selector;
import java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
/**
* {@link SingleThreadEventLoop} implementation which register the {@link Channel}'s to a
* {@link Selector} and so does the multi-plexing of these in the event loop.
*
*/
public final class NioEventLoop extends SingleThreadEventLoop {
private static final InternalLogger logger = InternalLoggerFactory.getInstance(NioEventLoop.class);
private static final int CLEANUP_INTERVAL = 256; // XXX Hard-coded value, but won't need customization.
private static final boolean DISABLE_KEYSET_OPTIMIZATION =
SystemPropertyUtil.getBoolean("io.netty.noKeySetOptimization", false);
private static final int MIN_PREMATURE_SELECTOR_RETURNS = 3;
private static final int SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD;
private final IntSupplier selectNowSupplier = new IntSupplier() {
@Override
public int get() throws Exception {
return selectNow();
}
};
private final Callable<Integer> pendingTasksCallable = new Callable<Integer>() {
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
return NioEventLoop.super.pendingTasks();
}
};
// Workaround for JDK NIO bug.
//
// See:
// - http://bugs.sun.com/view_bug.do?bug_id=6427854
// - https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/203
static {
final String key = "sun.nio.ch.bugLevel";
final String buglevel = SystemPropertyUtil.get(key);
if (buglevel == null) {
try {
AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
@Override
public Void run() {
System.setProperty(key, "");
return null;
}
});
} catch (final SecurityException e) {
logger.debug("Unable to get/set System Property: " + key, e);
}
}
int selectorAutoRebuildThreshold = SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("io.netty.selectorAutoRebuildThreshold", 512);
if (selectorAutoRebuildThreshold < MIN_PREMATURE_SELECTOR_RETURNS) {
selectorAutoRebuildThreshold = 0;
}
SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD = selectorAutoRebuildThreshold;
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("-Dio.netty.noKeySetOptimization: {}", DISABLE_KEYSET_OPTIMIZATION);
logger.debug("-Dio.netty.selectorAutoRebuildThreshold: {}", SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD);
}
}
/**
* The NIO {@link Selector}.
*/
private Selector selector;
private Selector unwrappedSelector;
private SelectedSelectionKeySet selectedKeys;
private final SelectorProvider provider;
/**
* Boolean that controls determines if a blocked Selector.select should
* break out of its selection process. In our case we use a timeout for
* the select method and the select method will block for that time unless
* waken up.
*/
private final AtomicBoolean wakenUp = new AtomicBoolean();
private final SelectStrategy selectStrategy;
private volatile int ioRatio = 50;
private int cancelledKeys;
private boolean needsToSelectAgain;
NioEventLoop(NioEventLoopGroup parent, Executor executor, SelectorProvider selectorProvider,
SelectStrategy strategy, RejectedExecutionHandler rejectedExecutionHandler) {
super(parent, executor, false, DEFAULT_MAX_PENDING_TASKS, rejectedExecutionHandler);
if (selectorProvider == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("selectorProvider");
}
if (strategy == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("selectStrategy");
}
provider = selectorProvider;
final SelectorTuple selectorTuple = openSelector();
selector = selectorTuple.selector;
unwrappedSelector = selectorTuple.unwrappedSelector;
selectStrategy = strategy;
}
private static final class SelectorTuple {
final Selector unwrappedSelector;
final Selector selector;
SelectorTuple(Selector unwrappedSelector) {
this.unwrappedSelector = unwrappedSelector;
this.selector = unwrappedSelector;
}
SelectorTuple(Selector unwrappedSelector, Selector selector) {
this.unwrappedSelector = unwrappedSelector;
this.selector = selector;
}
}
private SelectorTuple openSelector() {
final Selector unwrappedSelector;
try {
unwrappedSelector = provider.openSelector();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new ChannelException("failed to open a new selector", e);
}
if (DISABLE_KEYSET_OPTIMIZATION) {
return new SelectorTuple(unwrappedSelector);
}
final SelectedSelectionKeySet selectedKeySet = new SelectedSelectionKeySet();
Object maybeSelectorImplClass = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
@Override
public Object run() {
try {
return Class.forName(
"sun.nio.ch.SelectorImpl",
false,
PlatformDependent.getSystemClassLoader());
} catch (Throwable cause) {
return cause;
}
}
});
if (!(maybeSelectorImplClass instanceof Class) ||
// ensure the current selector implementation is what we can instrument.
!((Class<?>) maybeSelectorImplClass).isAssignableFrom(unwrappedSelector.getClass())) {
if (maybeSelectorImplClass instanceof Throwable) {
Throwable t = (Throwable) maybeSelectorImplClass;
logger.trace("failed to instrument a special java.util.Set into: {}", unwrappedSelector, t);
}
return new SelectorTuple(unwrappedSelector);
}
final Class<?> selectorImplClass = (Class<?>) maybeSelectorImplClass;
Object maybeException = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
@Override
public Object run() {
try {
Field selectedKeysField = selectorImplClass.getDeclaredField("selectedKeys");
Field publicSelectedKeysField = selectorImplClass.getDeclaredField("publicSelectedKeys");
Throwable cause = ReflectionUtil.trySetAccessible(selectedKeysField);
if (cause != null) {
return cause;
}
cause = ReflectionUtil.trySetAccessible(publicSelectedKeysField);
if (cause != null) {
return cause;
}
selectedKeysField.set(unwrappedSelector, selectedKeySet);
publicSelectedKeysField.set(unwrappedSelector, selectedKeySet);
return null;
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
return e;
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
return e;
}
}
});
if (maybeException instanceof Exception) {
selectedKeys = null;
Exception e = (Exception) maybeException;
logger.trace("failed to instrument a special java.util.Set into: {}", unwrappedSelector, e);
return new SelectorTuple(unwrappedSelector);
}
selectedKeys = selectedKeySet;
logger.trace("instrumented a special java.util.Set into: {}", unwrappedSelector);
return new SelectorTuple(unwrappedSelector,
new SelectedSelectionKeySetSelector(unwrappedSelector, selectedKeySet));
}
/**
* Returns the {@link SelectorProvider} used by this {@link NioEventLoop} to obtain the {@link Selector}.
*/
public SelectorProvider selectorProvider() {
return provider;
}
@Override
protected Queue<Runnable> newTaskQueue(int maxPendingTasks) {
// This event loop never calls takeTask()
return PlatformDependent.newMpscQueue(maxPendingTasks);
}
@Override
public int pendingTasks() {
// As we use a MpscQueue we need to ensure pendingTasks() is only executed from within the EventLoop as
// otherwise we may see unexpected behavior (as size() is only allowed to be called by a single consumer).
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/5297
if (inEventLoop()) {
return super.pendingTasks();
} else {
return submit(pendingTasksCallable).syncUninterruptibly().getNow();
}
}
/**
* Registers an arbitrary {@link SelectableChannel}, not necessarily created by Netty, to the {@link Selector}
* of this event loop. Once the specified {@link SelectableChannel} is registered, the specified {@code task} will
* be executed by this event loop when the {@link SelectableChannel} is ready.
*/
public void register(final SelectableChannel ch, final int interestOps, final NioTask<?> task) {
if (ch == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("ch");
}
if (interestOps == 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("interestOps must be non-zero.");
}
if ((interestOps & ~ch.validOps()) != 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"invalid interestOps: " + interestOps + "(validOps: " + ch.validOps() + ')');
}
if (task == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("task");
}
if (isShutdown()) {
throw new IllegalStateException("event loop shut down");
}
try {
ch.register(selector, interestOps, task);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new EventLoopException("failed to register a channel", e);
}
}
/**
* Returns the percentage of the desired amount of time spent for I/O in the event loop.
*/
public int getIoRatio() {
return ioRatio;
}
/**
* Sets the percentage of the desired amount of time spent for I/O in the event loop. The default value is
* {@code 50}, which means the event loop will try to spend the same amount of time for I/O as for non-I/O tasks.
*/
public void setIoRatio(int ioRatio) {
if (ioRatio <= 0 || ioRatio > 100) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("ioRatio: " + ioRatio + " (expected: 0 < ioRatio <= 100)");
}
this.ioRatio = ioRatio;
}
/**
* Replaces the current {@link Selector} of this event loop with newly created {@link Selector}s to work
* around the infamous epoll 100% CPU bug.
*/
public void rebuildSelector() {
if (!inEventLoop()) {
execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
rebuildSelector0();
}
});
return;
}
rebuildSelector0();
}
private void rebuildSelector0() {
final Selector oldSelector = selector;
final SelectorTuple newSelectorTuple;
if (oldSelector == null) {
return;
}
try {
newSelectorTuple = openSelector();
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.warn("Failed to create a new Selector.", e);
return;
}
// Register all channels to the new Selector.
int nChannels = 0;
for (SelectionKey key: oldSelector.keys()) {
Object a = key.attachment();
try {
if (!key.isValid() || key.channel().keyFor(newSelectorTuple.unwrappedSelector) != null) {
continue;
}
int interestOps = key.interestOps();
key.cancel();
SelectionKey newKey = key.channel().register(newSelectorTuple.unwrappedSelector, interestOps, a);
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
// Update SelectionKey
((AbstractNioChannel) a).selectionKey = newKey;
}
nChannels ++;
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.warn("Failed to re-register a Channel to the new Selector.", e);
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
AbstractNioChannel ch = (AbstractNioChannel) a;
ch.unsafe().close(ch.unsafe().voidPromise());
} else {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
NioTask<SelectableChannel> task = (NioTask<SelectableChannel>) a;
invokeChannelUnregistered(task, key, e);
}
}
}
selector = newSelectorTuple.selector;
unwrappedSelector = newSelectorTuple.unwrappedSelector;
try {
// time to close the old selector as everything else is registered to the new one
oldSelector.close();
} catch (Throwable t) {
if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
logger.warn("Failed to close the old Selector.", t);
}
}
logger.info("Migrated " + nChannels + " channel(s) to the new Selector.");
}
@Override
protected void run() {
for (;;) {
try {
switch (selectStrategy.calculateStrategy(selectNowSupplier, hasTasks())) {
case SelectStrategy.CONTINUE:
continue;
case SelectStrategy.SELECT:
select(wakenUp.getAndSet(false));
// 'wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)' is always evaluated
// before calling 'selector.wakeup()' to reduce the wake-up
// overhead. (Selector.wakeup() is an expensive operation.)
//
// However, there is a race condition in this approach.
// The race condition is triggered when 'wakenUp' is set to
// true too early.
//
// 'wakenUp' is set to true too early if:
// 1) Selector is waken up between 'wakenUp.set(false)' and
// 'selector.select(...)'. (BAD)
// 2) Selector is waken up between 'selector.select(...)' and
// 'if (wakenUp.get()) { ... }'. (OK)
//
// In the first case, 'wakenUp' is set to true and the
// following 'selector.select(...)' will wake up immediately.
// Until 'wakenUp' is set to false again in the next round,
// 'wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)' will fail, and therefore
// any attempt to wake up the Selector will fail, too, causing
// the following 'selector.select(...)' call to block
// unnecessarily.
//
// To fix this problem, we wake up the selector again if wakenUp
// is true immediately after selector.select(...).
// It is inefficient in that it wakes up the selector for both
// the first case (BAD - wake-up required) and the second case
// (OK - no wake-up required).
if (wakenUp.get()) {
selector.wakeup();
}
default:
// fallthrough
}
cancelledKeys = 0;
needsToSelectAgain = false;
final int ioRatio = this.ioRatio;
if (ioRatio == 100) {
try {
processSelectedKeys();
} finally {
// Ensure we always run tasks.
runAllTasks();
}
} else {
final long ioStartTime = System.nanoTime();
try {
processSelectedKeys();
} finally {
// Ensure we always run tasks.
final long ioTime = System.nanoTime() - ioStartTime;
runAllTasks(ioTime * (100 - ioRatio) / ioRatio);
}
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
handleLoopException(t);
}
// Always handle shutdown even if the loop processing threw an exception.
try {
if (isShuttingDown()) {
closeAll();
if (confirmShutdown()) {
return;
}
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
handleLoopException(t);
}
}
}
private static void handleLoopException(Throwable t) {
logger.warn("Unexpected exception in the selector loop.", t);
// Prevent possible consecutive immediate failures that lead to
// excessive CPU consumption.
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// Ignore.
}
}
private void processSelectedKeys() {
if (selectedKeys != null) {
processSelectedKeysOptimized();
} else {
processSelectedKeysPlain(selector.selectedKeys());
}
}
@Override
protected void cleanup() {
try {
selector.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
logger.warn("Failed to close a selector.", e);
}
}
void cancel(SelectionKey key) {
key.cancel();
cancelledKeys ++;
if (cancelledKeys >= CLEANUP_INTERVAL) {
cancelledKeys = 0;
needsToSelectAgain = true;
}
}
@Override
protected Runnable pollTask() {
Runnable task = super.pollTask();
if (needsToSelectAgain) {
selectAgain();
}
return task;
}
private void processSelectedKeysPlain(Set<SelectionKey> selectedKeys) {
// check if the set is empty and if so just return to not create garbage by
// creating a new Iterator every time even if there is nothing to process.
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/597
if (selectedKeys.isEmpty()) {
return;
}
Iterator<SelectionKey> i = selectedKeys.iterator();
for (;;) {
final SelectionKey k = i.next();
final Object a = k.attachment();
i.remove();
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
processSelectedKey(k, (AbstractNioChannel) a);
} else {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
NioTask<SelectableChannel> task = (NioTask<SelectableChannel>) a;
processSelectedKey(k, task);
}
if (!i.hasNext()) {
break;
}
if (needsToSelectAgain) {
selectAgain();
selectedKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
// Create the iterator again to avoid ConcurrentModificationException
if (selectedKeys.isEmpty()) {
break;
} else {
i = selectedKeys.iterator();
}
}
}
}
private void processSelectedKeysOptimized() {
for (int i = 0; i < selectedKeys.size; ++i) {
final SelectionKey k = selectedKeys.keys[i];
// null out entry in the array to allow to have it GC'ed once the Channel close
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2363
selectedKeys.keys[i] = null;
final Object a = k.attachment();
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
processSelectedKey(k, (AbstractNioChannel) a);
} else {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
NioTask<SelectableChannel> task = (NioTask<SelectableChannel>) a;
processSelectedKey(k, task);
}
if (needsToSelectAgain) {
// null out entries in the array to allow to have it GC'ed once the Channel close
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2363
selectedKeys.reset(i + 1);
selectAgain();
i = -1;
}
}
}
private void processSelectedKey(SelectionKey k, AbstractNioChannel ch) {
final AbstractNioChannel.NioUnsafe unsafe = ch.unsafe();
if (!k.isValid()) {
final EventLoop eventLoop;
try {
eventLoop = ch.eventLoop();
} catch (Throwable ignored) {
// If the channel implementation throws an exception because there is no event loop, we ignore this
// because we are only trying to determine if ch is registered to this event loop and thus has authority
// to close ch.
return;
}
// Only close ch if ch is still registered to this EventLoop. ch could have deregistered from the event loop
// and thus the SelectionKey could be cancelled as part of the deregistration process, but the channel is
// still healthy and should not be closed.
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/5125
if (eventLoop != this || eventLoop == null) {
return;
}
// close the channel if the key is not valid anymore
unsafe.close(unsafe.voidPromise());
return;
}
try {
int readyOps = k.readyOps();
// We first need to call finishConnect() before try to trigger a read(...) or write(...) as otherwise
// the NIO JDK channel implementation may throw a NotYetConnectedException.
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT) != 0) {
// remove OP_CONNECT as otherwise Selector.select(..) will always return without blocking
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/924
int ops = k.interestOps();
ops &= ~SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;
k.interestOps(ops);
unsafe.finishConnect();
}
// Process OP_WRITE first as we may be able to write some queued buffers and so free memory.
if ((readyOps & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) != 0) {
// Call forceFlush which will also take care of clear the OP_WRITE once there is nothing left to write
ch.unsafe().forceFlush();
}
// Also check for readOps of 0 to workaround possible JDK bug which may otherwise lead
// to a spin loop
if ((readyOps & (SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT)) != 0 || readyOps == 0) {
unsafe.read();
}
} catch (CancelledKeyException ignored) {
unsafe.close(unsafe.voidPromise());
}
}
private static void processSelectedKey(SelectionKey k, NioTask<SelectableChannel> task) {
int state = 0;
try {
task.channelReady(k.channel(), k);
state = 1;
} catch (Exception e) {
k.cancel();
invokeChannelUnregistered(task, k, e);
state = 2;
} finally {
switch (state) {
case 0:
k.cancel();
invokeChannelUnregistered(task, k, null);
break;
case 1:
if (!k.isValid()) { // Cancelled by channelReady()
invokeChannelUnregistered(task, k, null);
}
break;
}
}
}
private void closeAll() {
selectAgain();
Set<SelectionKey> keys = selector.keys();
Collection<AbstractNioChannel> channels = new ArrayList<AbstractNioChannel>(keys.size());
for (SelectionKey k: keys) {
Object a = k.attachment();
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
channels.add((AbstractNioChannel) a);
} else {
k.cancel();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
NioTask<SelectableChannel> task = (NioTask<SelectableChannel>) a;
invokeChannelUnregistered(task, k, null);
}
}
for (AbstractNioChannel ch: channels) {
ch.unsafe().close(ch.unsafe().voidPromise());
}
}
private static void invokeChannelUnregistered(NioTask<SelectableChannel> task, SelectionKey k, Throwable cause) {
try {
task.channelUnregistered(k.channel(), cause);
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.warn("Unexpected exception while running NioTask.channelUnregistered()", e);
}
}
@Override
protected void wakeup(boolean inEventLoop) {
if (!inEventLoop && wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
selector.wakeup();
}
}
Selector unwrappedSelector() {
return unwrappedSelector;
}
int selectNow() throws IOException {
try {
return selector.selectNow();
} finally {
// restore wakeup state if needed
if (wakenUp.get()) {
selector.wakeup();
}
}
}
private void select(boolean oldWakenUp) throws IOException {
Selector selector = this.selector;
try {
int selectCnt = 0;
long currentTimeNanos = System.nanoTime();
long selectDeadLineNanos = currentTimeNanos + delayNanos(currentTimeNanos);
for (;;) {
long timeoutMillis = (selectDeadLineNanos - currentTimeNanos + 500000L) / 1000000L;
if (timeoutMillis <= 0) {
if (selectCnt == 0) {
selector.selectNow();
selectCnt = 1;
}
break;
}
// If a task was submitted when wakenUp value was true, the task didn't get a chance to call
// Selector#wakeup. So we need to check task queue again before executing select operation.
// If we don't, the task might be pended until select operation was timed out.
// It might be pended until idle timeout if IdleStateHandler existed in pipeline.
if (hasTasks() && wakenUp.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
selector.selectNow();
selectCnt = 1;
break;
}
int selectedKeys = selector.select(timeoutMillis);
selectCnt ++;
if (selectedKeys != 0 || oldWakenUp || wakenUp.get() || hasTasks() || hasScheduledTasks()) {
// - Selected something,
// - waken up by user, or
// - the task queue has a pending task.
// - a scheduled task is ready for processing
break;
}
if (Thread.interrupted()) {
// Thread was interrupted so reset selected keys and break so we not run into a busy loop.
// As this is most likely a bug in the handler of the user or it's client library we will
// also log it.
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2426
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Selector.select() returned prematurely because " +
"Thread.currentThread().interrupt() was called. Use " +
"NioEventLoop.shutdownGracefully() to shutdown the NioEventLoop.");
}
selectCnt = 1;
break;
}
long time = System.nanoTime();
if (time - TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toNanos(timeoutMillis) >= currentTimeNanos) {
// timeoutMillis elapsed without anything selected.
selectCnt = 1;
} else if (SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD > 0 &&
selectCnt >= SELECTOR_AUTO_REBUILD_THRESHOLD) {
// The selector returned prematurely many times in a row.
// Rebuild the selector to work around the problem.
logger.warn(
"Selector.select() returned prematurely {} times in a row; rebuilding Selector {}.",
selectCnt, selector);
rebuildSelector();
selector = this.selector;
// Select again to populate selectedKeys.
selector.selectNow();
selectCnt = 1;
break;
}
currentTimeNanos = time;
}
if (selectCnt > MIN_PREMATURE_SELECTOR_RETURNS) {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Selector.select() returned prematurely {} times in a row for Selector {}.",
selectCnt - 1, selector);
}
}
} catch (CancelledKeyException e) {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug(CancelledKeyException.class.getSimpleName() + " raised by a Selector {} - JDK bug?",
selector, e);
}
// Harmless exception - log anyway
}
}
private void selectAgain() {
needsToSelectAgain = false;
try {
selector.selectNow();
} catch (Throwable t) {
logger.warn("Failed to update SelectionKeys.", t);
}
}
}