/* * Copyright (C) 2007 The Guava Authors * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package com.google.common.collect; import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument; import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull; import com.google.common.annotations.Beta; import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible; import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting; import com.google.common.base.Function; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Comparator; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.NoSuchElementException; import java.util.SortedMap; import java.util.SortedSet; import java.util.TreeSet; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger; import javax.annotation.Nullable; /** * A comparator, with additional methods to support common operations. This is * an "enriched" version of {@code Comparator}, in the same sense that {@link * FluentIterable} is an enriched {@link Iterable}). For example: <pre> {@code * * if (Ordering.from(comparator).reverse().isOrdered(list)) { ... }}</pre> * * The {@link #from(Comparator)} method returns the equivalent {@code Ordering} * instance for a pre-existing comparator. You can also skip the comparator step * and extend {@code Ordering} directly: <pre> {@code * * Ordering<String> byLengthOrdering = new Ordering<String>() { * public int compare(String left, String right) { * return Ints.compare(left.length(), right.length()); * } * };}</pre> * * Except as noted, the orderings returned by the factory methods of this * class are serializable if and only if the provided instances that back them * are. For example, if {@code ordering} and {@code function} can themselves be * serialized, then {@code ordering.onResultOf(function)} can as well. * * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a href= * "http://code.google.com/p/guava-libraries/wiki/OrderingExplained"> * {@code Ordering}</a>. * * @author Jesse Wilson * @author Kevin Bourrillion * @since 2.0 (imported from Google Collections Library) */ @GwtCompatible public abstract class Ordering<T> implements Comparator<T> { // Natural order /** * Returns a serializable ordering that uses the natural order of the values. * The ordering throws a {@link NullPointerException} when passed a null * parameter. * * <p>The type specification is {@code <C extends Comparable>}, instead of * the technically correct {@code <C extends Comparable<? super C>>}, to * support legacy types from before Java 5. */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // TODO(kevinb): right way to explain this?? public static <C extends Comparable> Ordering<C> natural() { return (Ordering<C>) NaturalOrdering.INSTANCE; } // Static factories /** * Returns an ordering based on an <i>existing</i> comparator instance. Note * that there's no need to create a <i>new</i> comparator just to pass it in * here; simply subclass {@code Ordering} and implement its {@code compareTo} * method directly instead. * * @param comparator the comparator that defines the order * @return comparator itself if it is already an {@code Ordering}; otherwise * an ordering that wraps that comparator */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public static <T> Ordering<T> from(Comparator<T> comparator) { return (comparator instanceof Ordering) ? (Ordering<T>) comparator : new ComparatorOrdering<T>(comparator); } /** * Simply returns its argument. * * @deprecated no need to use this */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) @Deprecated public static <T> Ordering<T> from(Ordering<T> ordering) { return checkNotNull(ordering); } /** * Returns an ordering that compares objects according to the order in * which they appear in the given list. Only objects present in the list * (according to {@link Object#equals}) may be compared. This comparator * imposes a "partial ordering" over the type {@code T}. Subsequent changes * to the {@code valuesInOrder} list will have no effect on the returned * comparator. Null values in the list are not supported. * * <p>The returned comparator throws an {@link ClassCastException} when it * receives an input parameter that isn't among the provided values. * * <p>The generated comparator is serializable if all the provided values are * serializable. * * @param valuesInOrder the values that the returned comparator will be able * to compare, in the order the comparator should induce * @return the comparator described above * @throws NullPointerException if any of the provided values is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code valuesInOrder} contains any * duplicate values (according to {@link Object#equals}) */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public static <T> Ordering<T> explicit(List<T> valuesInOrder) { return new ExplicitOrdering<T>(valuesInOrder); } /** * Returns an ordering that compares objects according to the order in * which they are given to this method. Only objects present in the argument * list (according to {@link Object#equals}) may be compared. This comparator * imposes a "partial ordering" over the type {@code T}. Null values in the * argument list are not supported. * * <p>The returned comparator throws a {@link ClassCastException} when it * receives an input parameter that isn't among the provided values. * * <p>The generated comparator is serializable if all the provided values are * serializable. * * @param leastValue the value which the returned comparator should consider * the "least" of all values * @param remainingValuesInOrder the rest of the values that the returned * comparator will be able to compare, in the order the comparator should * follow * @return the comparator described above * @throws NullPointerException if any of the provided values is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any duplicate values (according to * {@link Object#equals(Object)}) are present among the method arguments */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public static <T> Ordering<T> explicit( T leastValue, T... remainingValuesInOrder) { return explicit(Lists.asList(leastValue, remainingValuesInOrder)); } // Ordering<Object> singletons /** * Returns an ordering which treats all values as equal, indicating "no * ordering." Passing this ordering to any <i>stable</i> sort algorithm * results in no change to the order of elements. Note especially that {@link * #sortedCopy} and {@link #immutableSortedCopy} are stable, and in the * returned instance these are implemented by simply copying the source list. * * <p>Example: <pre> {@code * * Ordering.allEqual().nullsLast().sortedCopy( * asList(t, null, e, s, null, t, null))}</pre> * * Assuming {@code t}, {@code e} and {@code s} are non-null, this returns * {@code [t, e, s, t, null, null, null]} regardlesss of the true comparison * order of those three values (which might not even implement {@link * Comparable} at all). * * <p><b>Warning:</b> by definition, this comparator is not <i>consistent with * equals</i> (as defined {@linkplain Comparator here}). Avoid its use in * APIs, such as {@link TreeSet#TreeSet(Comparator)}, where such consistency * is expected. * * <p>The returned comparator is serializable. */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public static Ordering<Object> allEqual() { return AllEqualOrdering.INSTANCE; } /** * Returns an ordering that compares objects by the natural ordering of their * string representations as returned by {@code toString()}. It does not * support null values. * * <p>The comparator is serializable. */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public static Ordering<Object> usingToString() { return UsingToStringOrdering.INSTANCE; } /** * Returns an arbitrary ordering over all objects, for which {@code compare(a, * b) == 0} implies {@code a == b} (identity equality). There is no meaning * whatsoever to the order imposed, but it is constant for the life of the VM. * * <p>Because the ordering is identity-based, it is not "consistent with * {@link Object#equals(Object)}" as defined by {@link Comparator}. Use * caution when building a {@link SortedSet} or {@link SortedMap} from it, as * the resulting collection will not behave exactly according to spec. * * <p>This ordering is not serializable, as its implementation relies on * {@link System#identityHashCode(Object)}, so its behavior cannot be * preserved across serialization. * * @since 2.0 */ public static Ordering<Object> arbitrary() { return ArbitraryOrderingHolder.ARBITRARY_ORDERING; } private static class ArbitraryOrderingHolder { static final Ordering<Object> ARBITRARY_ORDERING = new ArbitraryOrdering(); } @VisibleForTesting static class ArbitraryOrdering extends Ordering<Object> { @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") // TODO(kevinb): ? private Map<Object, Integer> uids = Platform.tryWeakKeys(new MapMaker()).makeComputingMap( new Function<Object, Integer>() { final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0); @Override public Integer apply(Object from) { return counter.getAndIncrement(); } }); @Override public int compare(Object left, Object right) { if (left == right) { return 0; } else if (left == null) { return -1; } else if (right == null) { return 1; } int leftCode = identityHashCode(left); int rightCode = identityHashCode(right); if (leftCode != rightCode) { return leftCode < rightCode ? -1 : 1; } // identityHashCode collision (rare, but not as rare as you'd think) int result = uids.get(left).compareTo(uids.get(right)); if (result == 0) { throw new AssertionError(); // extremely, extremely unlikely. } return result; } @Override public String toString() { return "Ordering.arbitrary()"; } /* * We need to be able to mock identityHashCode() calls for tests, because it * can take 1-10 seconds to find colliding objects. Mocking frameworks that * can do magic to mock static method calls still can't do so for a system * class, so we need the indirection. In production, Hotspot should still * recognize that the call is 1-morphic and should still be willing to * inline it if necessary. */ int identityHashCode(Object object) { return System.identityHashCode(object); } } // Constructor /** * Constructs a new instance of this class (only invokable by the subclass * constructor, typically implicit). */ protected Ordering() {} // Instance-based factories (and any static equivalents) /** * Returns the reverse of this ordering; the {@code Ordering} equivalent to * {@link Collections#reverseOrder(Comparator)}. */ // type parameter <S> lets us avoid the extra <String> in statements like: // Ordering<String> o = Ordering.<String>natural().reverse(); @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public <S extends T> Ordering<S> reverse() { return new ReverseOrdering<S>(this); } /** * Returns an ordering that treats {@code null} as less than all other values * and uses {@code this} to compare non-null values. */ // type parameter <S> lets us avoid the extra <String> in statements like: // Ordering<String> o = Ordering.<String>natural().nullsFirst(); @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public <S extends T> Ordering<S> nullsFirst() { return new NullsFirstOrdering<S>(this); } /** * Returns an ordering that treats {@code null} as greater than all other * values and uses this ordering to compare non-null values. */ // type parameter <S> lets us avoid the extra <String> in statements like: // Ordering<String> o = Ordering.<String>natural().nullsLast(); @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public <S extends T> Ordering<S> nullsLast() { return new NullsLastOrdering<S>(this); } /** * Returns a new ordering on {@code F} which orders elements by first applying * a function to them, then comparing those results using {@code this}. For * example, to compare objects by their string forms, in a case-insensitive * manner, use: <pre> {@code * * Ordering.from(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER) * .onResultOf(Functions.toStringFunction())}</pre> */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public <F> Ordering<F> onResultOf(Function<F, ? extends T> function) { return new ByFunctionOrdering<F, T>(function, this); } /** * Returns an ordering which first uses the ordering {@code this}, but which * in the event of a "tie", then delegates to {@code secondaryComparator}. * For example, to sort a bug list first by status and second by priority, you * might use {@code byStatus.compound(byPriority)}. For a compound ordering * with three or more components, simply chain multiple calls to this method. * * <p>An ordering produced by this method, or a chain of calls to this method, * is equivalent to one created using {@link Ordering#compound(Iterable)} on * the same component comparators. */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public <U extends T> Ordering<U> compound( Comparator<? super U> secondaryComparator) { return new CompoundOrdering<U>(this, checkNotNull(secondaryComparator)); } /** * Returns an ordering which tries each given comparator in order until a * non-zero result is found, returning that result, and returning zero only if * all comparators return zero. The returned ordering is based on the state of * the {@code comparators} iterable at the time it was provided to this * method. * * <p>The returned ordering is equivalent to that produced using {@code * Ordering.from(comp1).compound(comp2).compound(comp3) . . .}. * * <p><b>Warning:</b> Supplying an argument with undefined iteration order, * such as a {@link HashSet}, will produce non-deterministic results. * * @param comparators the comparators to try in order */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) public static <T> Ordering<T> compound( Iterable<? extends Comparator<? super T>> comparators) { return new CompoundOrdering<T>(comparators); } /** * Returns a new ordering which sorts iterables by comparing corresponding * elements pairwise until a nonzero result is found; imposes "dictionary * order". If the end of one iterable is reached, but not the other, the * shorter iterable is considered to be less than the longer one. For example, * a lexicographical natural ordering over integers considers {@code * [] < [1] < [1, 1] < [1, 2] < [2]}. * * <p>Note that {@code ordering.lexicographical().reverse()} is not * equivalent to {@code ordering.reverse().lexicographical()} (consider how * each would order {@code [1]} and {@code [1, 1]}). * * @since 2.0 */ @GwtCompatible(serializable = true) // type parameter <S> lets us avoid the extra <String> in statements like: // Ordering<Iterable<String>> o = // Ordering.<String>natural().lexicographical(); public <S extends T> Ordering<Iterable<S>> lexicographical() { /* * Note that technically the returned ordering should be capable of * handling not just {@code Iterable<S>} instances, but also any {@code * Iterable<? extends S>}. However, the need for this comes up so rarely * that it doesn't justify making everyone else deal with the very ugly * wildcard. */ return new LexicographicalOrdering<S>(this); } // Regular instance methods // Override to add @Nullable @Override public abstract int compare(@Nullable T left, @Nullable T right); /** * Returns the least of the specified values according to this ordering. If * there are multiple least values, the first of those is returned. The * iterator will be left exhausted: its {@code hasNext()} method will return * {@code false}. * * @param iterator the iterator whose minimum element is to be determined * @throws NoSuchElementException if {@code iterator} is empty * @throws ClassCastException if the parameters are not <i>mutually * comparable</i> under this ordering. * * @since 11.0 */ @Beta public <E extends T> E min(Iterator<E> iterator) { // let this throw NoSuchElementException as necessary E minSoFar = iterator.next(); while (iterator.hasNext()) { minSoFar = min(minSoFar, iterator.next()); } return minSoFar; } /** * Returns the least of the specified values according to this ordering. If * there are multiple least values, the first of those is returned. * * @param iterable the iterable whose minimum element is to be determined * @throws NoSuchElementException if {@code iterable} is empty * @throws ClassCastException if the parameters are not <i>mutually * comparable</i> under this ordering. */ public <E extends T> E min(Iterable<E> iterable) { return min(iterable.iterator()); } /** * Returns the lesser of the two values according to this ordering. If the * values compare as 0, the first is returned. * * <p><b>Implementation note:</b> this method is invoked by the default * implementations of the other {@code min} overloads, so overriding it will * affect their behavior. * * @param a value to compare, returned if less than or equal to b. * @param b value to compare. * @throws ClassCastException if the parameters are not <i>mutually * comparable</i> under this ordering. */ public <E extends T> E min(@Nullable E a, @Nullable E b) { return compare(a, b) <= 0 ? a : b; } /** * Returns the least of the specified values according to this ordering. If * there are multiple least values, the first of those is returned. * * @param a value to compare, returned if less than or equal to the rest. * @param b value to compare * @param c value to compare * @param rest values to compare * @throws ClassCastException if the parameters are not <i>mutually * comparable</i> under this ordering. */ public <E extends T> E min( @Nullable E a, @Nullable E b, @Nullable E c, E... rest) { E minSoFar = min(min(a, b), c); for (E r : rest) { minSoFar = min(minSoFar, r); } return minSoFar; } /** * Returns the greatest of the specified values according to this ordering. If * there are multiple greatest values, the first of those is returned. The * iterator will be left exhausted: its {@code hasNext()} method will return * {@code false}. * * @param iterator the iterator whose maximum element is to be determined * @throws NoSuchElementException if {@code iterator} is empty * @throws ClassCastException if the parameters are not <i>mutually * comparable</i> under this ordering. * * @since 11.0 */ @Beta public <E extends T> E max(Iterator<E> iterator) { // let this throw NoSuchElementException as necessary E maxSoFar = iterator.next(); while (iterator.hasNext()) { maxSoFar = max(maxSoFar, iterator.next()); } return maxSoFar; } /** * Returns the greatest of the specified values according to this ordering. If * there are multiple greatest values, the first of those is returned. * * @param iterable the iterable whose maximum element is to be determined * @throws NoSuchElementException if {@code iterable} is empty * @throws ClassCastException if the parameters are not <i>mutually * comparable</i> under this ordering. */ public <E extends T> E max(Iterable<E> iterable) { return max(iterable.iterator()); } /** * Returns the greater of the two values according to this ordering. If the * values compare as 0, the first is returned. * * <p><b>Implementation note:</b> this method is invoked by the default * implementations of the other {@code max} overloads, so overriding it will * affect their behavior. * * @param a value to compare, returned if greater than or equal to b. * @param b value to compare. * @throws ClassCastException if the parameters are not <i>mutually * comparable</i> under this ordering. */ public <E extends T> E max(@Nullable E a, @Nullable E b) { return compare(a, b) >= 0 ? a : b; } /** * Returns the greatest of the specified values according to this ordering. If * there are multiple greatest values, the first of those is returned. * * @param a value to compare, returned if greater than or equal to the rest. * @param b value to compare * @param c value to compare * @param rest values to compare * @throws ClassCastException if the parameters are not <i>mutually * comparable</i> under this ordering. */ public <E extends T> E max( @Nullable E a, @Nullable E b, @Nullable E c, E... rest) { E maxSoFar = max(max(a, b), c); for (E r : rest) { maxSoFar = max(maxSoFar, r); } return maxSoFar; } /** * Returns the {@code k} least elements of the given iterable according to * this ordering, in order from least to greatest. If there are fewer than * {@code k} elements present, all will be included. * * <p>The implementation does not necessarily use a <i>stable</i> sorting * algorithm; when multiple elements are equivalent, it is undefined which * will come first. * * @return an immutable {@code RandomAccess} list of the {@code k} least * elements in ascending order * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code k} is negative * @since 8.0 */ @Beta public <E extends T> List<E> leastOf(Iterable<E> iterable, int k) { checkArgument(k >= 0, "%d is negative", k); // values is not an E[], but we use it as such for readability. Hack. @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E[] values = (E[]) Iterables.toArray(iterable); // TODO(nshupe): also sort whole list if k is *near* values.length? // TODO(kevinb): benchmark this impl against hand-coded heap E[] resultArray; if (values.length <= k) { Arrays.sort(values, this); resultArray = values; } else { quicksortLeastK(values, 0, values.length - 1, k); // this is not an E[], but we use it as such for readability. Hack. @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E[] tmp = (E[]) new Object[k]; resultArray = tmp; System.arraycopy(values, 0, resultArray, 0, k); } return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(resultArray)); } /** * Returns the {@code k} greatest elements of the given iterable according to * this ordering, in order from greatest to least. If there are fewer than * {@code k} elements present, all will be included. * * <p>The implementation does not necessarily use a <i>stable</i> sorting * algorithm; when multiple elements are equivalent, it is undefined which * will come first. * * @return an immutable {@code RandomAccess} list of the {@code k} greatest * elements in <i>descending order</i> * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code k} is negative * @since 8.0 */ @Beta public <E extends T> List<E> greatestOf(Iterable<E> iterable, int k) { // TODO(kevinb): see if delegation is hurting performance noticeably // TODO(kevinb): if we change this implementation, add full unit tests. return reverse().leastOf(iterable, k); } private <E extends T> void quicksortLeastK( E[] values, int left, int right, int k) { if (right > left) { int pivotIndex = (left + right) >>> 1; // left + ((right - left) / 2) int pivotNewIndex = partition(values, left, right, pivotIndex); quicksortLeastK(values, left, pivotNewIndex - 1, k); if (pivotNewIndex < k) { quicksortLeastK(values, pivotNewIndex + 1, right, k); } } } private <E extends T> int partition( E[] values, int left, int right, int pivotIndex) { E pivotValue = values[pivotIndex]; values[pivotIndex] = values[right]; values[right] = pivotValue; int storeIndex = left; for (int i = left; i < right; i++) { if (compare(values[i], pivotValue) < 0) { ObjectArrays.swap(values, storeIndex, i); storeIndex++; } } ObjectArrays.swap(values, right, storeIndex); return storeIndex; } /** * Returns a copy of the given iterable sorted by this ordering. The input is * not modified. The returned list is modifiable, serializable, and has random * access. * * <p>Unlike {@link Sets#newTreeSet(Iterable)}, this method does not discard * elements that are duplicates according to the comparator. The sort * performed is <i>stable</i>, meaning that such elements will appear in the * resulting list in the same order they appeared in the input. * * @param iterable the elements to be copied and sorted * @return a new list containing the given elements in sorted order */ public <E extends T> List<E> sortedCopy(Iterable<E> iterable) { @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // does not escape, and contains only E's E[] array = (E[]) Iterables.toArray(iterable); Arrays.sort(array, this); return Lists.newArrayList(Arrays.asList(array)); } /** * Returns an <i>immutable</i> copy of the given iterable sorted by this * ordering. The input is not modified. * * <p>Unlike {@link Sets#newTreeSet(Iterable)}, this method does not discard * elements that are duplicates according to the comparator. The sort * performed is <i>stable</i>, meaning that such elements will appear in the * resulting list in the same order they appeared in the input. * * @param iterable the elements to be copied and sorted * @return a new immutable list containing the given elements in sorted order * @throws NullPointerException if {@code iterable} or any of its elements is * null * @since 3.0 */ public <E extends T> ImmutableList<E> immutableSortedCopy( Iterable<E> iterable) { @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // we'll only ever have E's in here E[] elements = (E[]) Iterables.toArray(iterable); for (E e : elements) { checkNotNull(e); } Arrays.sort(elements, this); return ImmutableList.asImmutableList(elements); } /** * Returns {@code true} if each element in {@code iterable} after the first is * greater than or equal to the element that preceded it, according to this * ordering. Note that this is always true when the iterable has fewer than * two elements. */ public boolean isOrdered(Iterable<? extends T> iterable) { Iterator<? extends T> it = iterable.iterator(); if (it.hasNext()) { T prev = it.next(); while (it.hasNext()) { T next = it.next(); if (compare(prev, next) > 0) { return false; } prev = next; } } return true; } /** * Returns {@code true} if each element in {@code iterable} after the first is * <i>strictly</i> greater than the element that preceded it, according to * this ordering. Note that this is always true when the iterable has fewer * than two elements. */ public boolean isStrictlyOrdered(Iterable<? extends T> iterable) { Iterator<? extends T> it = iterable.iterator(); if (it.hasNext()) { T prev = it.next(); while (it.hasNext()) { T next = it.next(); if (compare(prev, next) >= 0) { return false; } prev = next; } } return true; } /** * {@link Collections#binarySearch(List, Object, Comparator) Searches} * {@code sortedList} for {@code key} using the binary search algorithm. The * list must be sorted using this ordering. * * @param sortedList the list to be searched * @param key the key to be searched for */ public int binarySearch(List<? extends T> sortedList, @Nullable T key) { return Collections.binarySearch(sortedList, key, this); } /** * Exception thrown by a {@link Ordering#explicit(List)} or {@link * Ordering#explicit(Object, Object[])} comparator when comparing a value * outside the set of values it can compare. Extending {@link * ClassCastException} may seem odd, but it is required. */ // TODO(kevinb): make this public, document it right @VisibleForTesting static class IncomparableValueException extends ClassCastException { final Object value; IncomparableValueException(Object value) { super("Cannot compare value: " + value); this.value = value; } private static final long serialVersionUID = 0; } // Never make these public static final int LEFT_IS_GREATER = 1; static final int RIGHT_IS_GREATER = -1; }