/**
* Copyright 2011 Google Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.google.devcoin.core;
import com.google.common.base.Charsets;
import com.google.common.primitives.UnsignedLongs;
import org.spongycastle.crypto.digests.RIPEMD160Digest;
import org.spongycastle.util.encoders.Hex;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Date;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
/**
* A collection of various utility methods that are helpful for working with the Bitcoin protocol.
* To enable debug logging from the library, run with -Dbitcoinj.logging=true on your command line.
*/
public class Utils {
public static final BigInteger NEGATIVE_ONE = BigInteger.valueOf(-1);
private static final MessageDigest digest;
static {
try {
digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e); // Can't happen.
}
}
/** The string that prefixes all text messages signed using Bitcoin keys. */
public static final String BITCOIN_SIGNED_MESSAGE_HEADER = "Bitcoin Signed Message:\n";
public static final byte[] BITCOIN_SIGNED_MESSAGE_HEADER_BYTES = BITCOIN_SIGNED_MESSAGE_HEADER.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8);
// TODO: Replace this nanocoins business with something better.
/**
* How many "nanocoins" there are in a Bitcoin.
* <p/>
* A nanocoin is the smallest unit that can be transferred using Bitcoin.
* The term nanocoin is very misleading, though, because there are only 100 million
* of them in a coin (whereas one would expect 1 billion.
*/
public static final BigInteger COIN = new BigInteger("100000000", 10);
/**
* How many "nanocoins" there are in 0.01 BitCoins.
* <p/>
* A nanocoin is the smallest unit that can be transferred using Bitcoin.
* The term nanocoin is very misleading, though, because there are only 100 million
* of them in a coin (whereas one would expect 1 billion).
*/
public static final BigInteger CENT = new BigInteger("1000000", 10);
/**
* Convert an amount expressed in the way humans are used to into nanocoins.
*/
public static BigInteger toNanoCoins(int coins, int cents) {
checkArgument(cents < 100);
checkArgument(cents >= 0);
checkArgument(coins >= 0);
checkArgument(coins < NetworkParameters.MAX_MONEY.divide(Utils.COIN).longValue());
BigInteger bi = BigInteger.valueOf(coins).multiply(COIN);
bi = bi.add(BigInteger.valueOf(cents).multiply(CENT));
return bi;
}
/**
* The regular {@link java.math.BigInteger#toByteArray()} method isn't quite what we often need: it appends a
* leading zero to indicate that the number is positive and may need padding.
*
* @param b the integer to format into a byte array
* @param numBytes the desired size of the resulting byte array
* @return numBytes byte long array.
*/
public static byte[] bigIntegerToBytes(BigInteger b, int numBytes) {
if (b == null) {
return null;
}
byte[] bytes = new byte[numBytes];
byte[] biBytes = b.toByteArray();
int start = (biBytes.length == numBytes + 1) ? 1 : 0;
int length = Math.min(biBytes.length, numBytes);
System.arraycopy(biBytes, start, bytes, numBytes - length, length);
return bytes;
}
/**
* Convert an amount expressed in the way humans are used to into nanocoins.<p>
* <p/>
* This takes string in a format understood by {@link BigDecimal#BigDecimal(String)},
* for example "0", "1", "0.10", "1.23E3", "1234.5E-5".
*
* @throws ArithmeticException if you try to specify fractional nanocoins, or nanocoins out of range.
*/
public static BigInteger toNanoCoins(String coins) {
BigInteger bigint = new BigDecimal(coins).movePointRight(8).toBigIntegerExact();
if (bigint.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) < 0)
throw new ArithmeticException("Negative coins specified");
if (bigint.compareTo(NetworkParameters.MAX_MONEY) > 0)
throw new ArithmeticException("Amount larger than the total quantity of Bitcoins possible specified.");
return bigint;
}
public static void uint32ToByteArrayBE(long val, byte[] out, int offset) {
out[offset + 0] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 24));
out[offset + 1] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 16));
out[offset + 2] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 8));
out[offset + 3] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 0));
}
public static void uint32ToByteArrayLE(long val, byte[] out, int offset) {
out[offset + 0] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 0));
out[offset + 1] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 8));
out[offset + 2] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 16));
out[offset + 3] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 24));
}
public static void uint64ToByteArrayLE(long val, byte[] out, int offset) {
out[offset + 0] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 0));
out[offset + 1] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 8));
out[offset + 2] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 16));
out[offset + 3] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 24));
out[offset + 4] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 32));
out[offset + 5] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 40));
out[offset + 6] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 48));
out[offset + 7] = (byte) (0xFF & (val >> 56));
}
public static void uint32ToByteStreamLE(long val, OutputStream stream) throws IOException {
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 0)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 8)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 16)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 24)));
}
public static void int64ToByteStreamLE(long val, OutputStream stream) throws IOException {
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 0)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 8)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 16)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 24)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 32)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 40)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 48)));
stream.write((int) (0xFF & (val >> 56)));
}
public static void uint64ToByteStreamLE(BigInteger val, OutputStream stream) throws IOException {
byte[] bytes = val.toByteArray();
if (bytes.length > 8) {
throw new RuntimeException("Input too large to encode into a uint64");
}
bytes = reverseBytes(bytes);
stream.write(bytes);
if (bytes.length < 8) {
for (int i = 0; i < 8 - bytes.length; i++)
stream.write(0);
}
}
/**
* See {@link Utils#doubleDigest(byte[], int, int)}.
*/
public static byte[] doubleDigest(byte[] input) {
return doubleDigest(input, 0, input.length);
}
/**
* Calculates the SHA-256 hash of the given byte range, and then hashes the resulting hash again. This is
* standard procedure in Bitcoin. The resulting hash is in big endian form.
*/
public static byte[] doubleDigest(byte[] input, int offset, int length) {
synchronized (digest) {
digest.reset();
digest.update(input, offset, length);
byte[] first = digest.digest();
return digest.digest(first);
}
}
public static byte[] singleDigest(byte[] input, int offset, int length) {
synchronized (digest) {
digest.reset();
digest.update(input, offset, length);
return digest.digest();
}
}
/**
* Calculates SHA256(SHA256(byte range 1 + byte range 2)).
*/
public static byte[] doubleDigestTwoBuffers(byte[] input1, int offset1, int length1,
byte[] input2, int offset2, int length2) {
synchronized (digest) {
digest.reset();
digest.update(input1, offset1, length1);
digest.update(input2, offset2, length2);
byte[] first = digest.digest();
return digest.digest(first);
}
}
/**
* Work around lack of unsigned types in Java.
*/
public static boolean isLessThanUnsigned(long n1, long n2) {
return UnsignedLongs.compare(n1, n2) < 0;
}
/**
* Returns the given byte array hex encoded.
*/
public static String bytesToHexString(byte[] bytes) {
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer(bytes.length * 2);
for (byte b : bytes) {
String s = Integer.toString(0xFF & b, 16);
if (s.length() < 2)
buf.append('0');
buf.append(s);
}
return buf.toString();
}
/**
* Returns a copy of the given byte array in reverse order.
*/
public static byte[] reverseBytes(byte[] bytes) {
// We could use the XOR trick here but it's easier to understand if we don't. If we find this is really a
// performance issue the matter can be revisited.
byte[] buf = new byte[bytes.length];
for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++)
buf[i] = bytes[bytes.length - 1 - i];
return buf;
}
/**
* Returns a copy of the given byte array with the bytes of each double-word (4 bytes) reversed.
*
* @param bytes length must be divisible by 4.
* @param trimLength trim output to this length. If positive, must be divisible by 4.
*/
public static byte[] reverseDwordBytes(byte[] bytes, int trimLength) {
checkArgument(bytes.length % 4 == 0);
checkArgument(trimLength < 0 || trimLength % 4 == 0);
byte[] rev = new byte[trimLength >= 0 && bytes.length > trimLength ? trimLength : bytes.length];
for (int i = 0; i < rev.length; i += 4) {
System.arraycopy(bytes, i, rev, i , 4);
for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
rev[i + j] = bytes[i + 3 - j];
}
}
return rev;
}
public static long readUint32(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
return ((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 0) |
((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 8) |
((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 16) |
((bytes[offset] & 0xFFL) << 24);
}
public static long readInt64(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
return ((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 0) |
((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 8) |
((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 16) |
((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 24) |
((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 32) |
((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 40) |
((bytes[offset++] & 0xFFL) << 48) |
((bytes[offset] & 0xFFL) << 56);
}
public static long readUint32BE(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
return ((bytes[offset + 0] & 0xFFL) << 24) |
((bytes[offset + 1] & 0xFFL) << 16) |
((bytes[offset + 2] & 0xFFL) << 8) |
((bytes[offset + 3] & 0xFFL) << 0);
}
public static int readUint16BE(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
return ((bytes[offset] & 0xff) << 8) | bytes[offset + 1] & 0xff;
}
/**
* Calculates RIPEMD160(SHA256(input)). This is used in Address calculations.
*/
public static byte[] sha256hash160(byte[] input) {
try {
byte[] sha256 = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256").digest(input);
RIPEMD160Digest digest = new RIPEMD160Digest();
digest.update(sha256, 0, sha256.length);
byte[] out = new byte[20];
digest.doFinal(out, 0);
return out;
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e); // Cannot happen.
}
}
/**
* Returns the given value in nanocoins as a 0.12 type string. More digits after the decimal place will be used
* if necessary, but two will always be present.
*/
public static String bitcoinValueToFriendlyString(BigInteger value) {
// TODO: This API is crap. This method should go away when we encapsulate money values.
boolean negative = value.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) < 0;
if (negative)
value = value.negate();
BigDecimal bd = new BigDecimal(value, 8);
String formatted = bd.toPlainString(); // Don't use scientific notation.
int decimalPoint = formatted.indexOf(".");
// Drop unnecessary zeros from the end.
int toDelete = 0;
for (int i = formatted.length() - 1; i > decimalPoint + 2; i--) {
if (formatted.charAt(i) == '0')
toDelete++;
else
break;
}
return (negative ? "-" : "") + formatted.substring(0, formatted.length() - toDelete);
}
/**
* <p>
* Returns the given value as a plain string denominated in BTC.
* The result is unformatted with no trailing zeroes.
* For instance, an input value of BigInteger.valueOf(150000) nanocoin gives an output string of "0.0015" BTC
* </p>
*
* @param value The value in nanocoins to convert to a string (denominated in BTC)
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* If the input value is null
*/
public static String bitcoinValueToPlainString(BigInteger value) {
if (value == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Value cannot be null");
}
BigDecimal valueInBTC = new BigDecimal(value).divide(new BigDecimal(Utils.COIN));
return valueInBTC.toPlainString();
}
/**
* MPI encoded numbers are produced by the OpenSSL BN_bn2mpi function. They consist of
* a 4 byte big endian length field, followed by the stated number of bytes representing
* the number in big endian format (with a sign bit).
* @param hasLength can be set to false if the given array is missing the 4 byte length field
*/
public static BigInteger decodeMPI(byte[] mpi, boolean hasLength) {
byte[] buf;
if (hasLength) {
int length = (int) readUint32BE(mpi, 0);
buf = new byte[length];
System.arraycopy(mpi, 4, buf, 0, length);
} else
buf = mpi;
if (buf.length == 0)
return BigInteger.ZERO;
boolean isNegative = (buf[0] & 0x80) == 0x80;
if (isNegative)
buf[0] &= 0x7f;
BigInteger result = new BigInteger(buf);
return isNegative ? result.negate() : result;
}
/**
* MPI encoded numbers are produced by the OpenSSL BN_bn2mpi function. They consist of
* a 4 byte big endian length field, followed by the stated number of bytes representing
* the number in big endian format (with a sign bit).
* @param includeLength indicates whether the 4 byte length field should be included
*/
public static byte[] encodeMPI(BigInteger value, boolean includeLength) {
if (value.equals(BigInteger.ZERO)) {
if (!includeLength)
return new byte[] {};
else
return new byte[] {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
}
boolean isNegative = value.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) < 0;
if (isNegative)
value = value.negate();
byte[] array = value.toByteArray();
int length = array.length;
if ((array[0] & 0x80) == 0x80)
length++;
if (includeLength) {
byte[] result = new byte[length + 4];
System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, length - array.length + 3, array.length);
uint32ToByteArrayBE(length, result, 0);
if (isNegative)
result[4] |= 0x80;
return result;
} else {
byte[] result;
if (length != array.length) {
result = new byte[length];
System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, 1, array.length);
}else
result = array;
if (isNegative)
result[0] |= 0x80;
return result;
}
}
// The representation of nBits uses another home-brew encoding, as a way to represent a large
// hash value in only 32 bits.
public static BigInteger decodeCompactBits(long compact) {
int size = ((int) (compact >> 24)) & 0xFF;
byte[] bytes = new byte[4 + size];
bytes[3] = (byte) size;
if (size >= 1) bytes[4] = (byte) ((compact >> 16) & 0xFF);
if (size >= 2) bytes[5] = (byte) ((compact >> 8) & 0xFF);
if (size >= 3) bytes[6] = (byte) ((compact >> 0) & 0xFF);
return decodeMPI(bytes, true);
}
/**
* If non-null, overrides the return value of now().
*/
public static volatile Date mockTime;
/**
* Advances (or rewinds) the mock clock by the given number of seconds.
*/
public static Date rollMockClock(int seconds) {
if (mockTime == null)
mockTime = new Date();
mockTime = new Date(mockTime.getTime() + (seconds * 1000));
return mockTime;
}
/**
* Sets the mock clock to the given time (in seconds)
* @param mockClock
*/
public static void setMockClock(long mockClock) {
mockTime = new Date(mockClock * 1000);
}
/**
* Returns the current time, or a mocked out equivalent.
*/
public static Date now() {
if (mockTime != null)
return mockTime;
else
return new Date();
}
public static byte[] copyOf(byte[] in, int length) {
byte[] out = new byte[length];
System.arraycopy(in, 0, out, 0, Math.min(length, in.length));
return out;
}
/**
* Creates a copy of bytes and appends b to the end of it
*/
public static byte[] appendByte(byte[] bytes, byte b) {
byte[] result = Arrays.copyOf(bytes, bytes.length + 1);
result[result.length - 1] = b;
return result;
}
/**
* Attempts to parse the given string as arbitrary-length hex or base58 and then return the results, or null if
* neither parse was successful.
*/
public static byte[] parseAsHexOrBase58(String data) {
try {
return Hex.decode(data);
} catch (Exception e) {
// Didn't decode as hex, try base58.
try {
return Base58.decodeChecked(data);
} catch (AddressFormatException e1) {
return null;
}
}
}
public static boolean isWindows() {
return System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("win");
}
/**
* <p>Given a textual message, returns a byte buffer formatted as follows:</p>
*
* <tt><p>[24] "Bitcoin Signed Message:\n" [message.length as a varint] message</p></tt>
*/
public static byte[] formatMessageForSigning(String message) {
try {
ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
bos.write(BITCOIN_SIGNED_MESSAGE_HEADER_BYTES.length);
bos.write(BITCOIN_SIGNED_MESSAGE_HEADER_BYTES);
byte[] messageBytes = message.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8);
VarInt size = new VarInt(messageBytes.length);
bos.write(size.encode());
bos.write(messageBytes);
return bos.toByteArray();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e); // Cannot happen.
}
}
// 00000001, 00000010, 00000100, 00001000, ...
private static final int bitMask[] = {0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80};
// Checks if the given bit is set in data
public static boolean checkBitLE(byte[] data, int index) {
return (data[index >>> 3] & bitMask[7 & index]) != 0;
}
// Sets the given bit in data to one
public static void setBitLE(byte[] data, int index) {
data[index >>> 3] |= bitMask[7 & index];
}
}