/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable;
import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.SortedSet;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import com.datastax.driver.core.ProtocolVersion;
import com.datastax.driver.core.TypeCodec;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.TableMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Schema;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.ColumnSpecification;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.QueryOptions;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.QueryProcessor;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.UpdateParameters;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.UDHelper;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.CreateTableStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.CreateTypeStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.ModificationStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.ParsedStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.UpdateStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Clustering;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.DecoratedKey;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UserType;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.partitions.Partition;
import org.apache.cassandra.dht.IPartitioner;
import org.apache.cassandra.dht.Murmur3Partitioner;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.SyntaxException;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.format.SSTableFormat;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.KeyspaceMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.KeyspaceParams;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.TableMetadataRef;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Types;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientState;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.Pair;
/**
* Utility to write SSTables.
* <p>
* Typical usage looks like:
* <pre>
* String type = CREATE TYPE myKs.myType (a int, b int)";
* String schema = "CREATE TABLE myKs.myTable ("
* + " k int PRIMARY KEY,"
* + " v1 text,"
* + " v2 int,"
* + " v3 myType,"
* + ")";
* String insert = "INSERT INTO myKs.myTable (k, v1, v2, v3) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";
*
* // Creates a new writer. You need to provide at least the directory where to write the created sstable,
* // the schema for the sstable to write and a (prepared) insert statement to use. If you do not use the
* // default partitioner (Murmur3Partitioner), you will also need to provide the partitioner in use, see
* // CQLSSTableWriter.Builder for more details on the available options.
* CQLSSTableWriter writer = CQLSSTableWriter.builder()
* .inDirectory("path/to/directory")
* .withType(type)
* .forTable(schema)
* .using(insert).build();
*
* UserType myType = writer.getUDType("myType");
* // Adds a nember of rows to the resulting sstable
* writer.addRow(0, "test1", 24, myType.newValue().setInt("a", 10).setInt("b", 20));
* writer.addRow(1, "test2", null, null);
* writer.addRow(2, "test3", 42, myType.newValue().setInt("a", 30).setInt("b", 40));
*
* // Close the writer, finalizing the sstable
* writer.close();
* </pre>
*
* Please note that {@code CQLSSTableWriter} is <b>not</b> thread-safe (multiple threads cannot access the
* same instance). It is however safe to use multiple instances in parallel (even if those instance write
* sstables for the same table).
*/
public class CQLSSTableWriter implements Closeable
{
public static final ByteBuffer UNSET_VALUE = ByteBufferUtil.UNSET_BYTE_BUFFER;
static
{
DatabaseDescriptor.clientInitialization(false);
// Partitioner is not set in client mode.
if (DatabaseDescriptor.getPartitioner() == null)
DatabaseDescriptor.setPartitionerUnsafe(Murmur3Partitioner.instance);
}
private final AbstractSSTableSimpleWriter writer;
private final UpdateStatement insert;
private final List<ColumnSpecification> boundNames;
private final List<TypeCodec> typeCodecs;
private CQLSSTableWriter(AbstractSSTableSimpleWriter writer, UpdateStatement insert, List<ColumnSpecification> boundNames)
{
this.writer = writer;
this.insert = insert;
this.boundNames = boundNames;
this.typeCodecs = boundNames.stream().map(bn -> UDHelper.codecFor(UDHelper.driverType(bn.type)))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
/**
* Returns a new builder for a CQLSSTableWriter.
*
* @return the new builder.
*/
public static Builder builder()
{
return new Builder();
}
/**
* Adds a new row to the writer.
* <p>
* This is a shortcut for {@code addRow(Arrays.asList(values))}.
*
* @param values the row values (corresponding to the bind variables of the
* insertion statement used when creating by this writer).
* @return this writer.
*/
public CQLSSTableWriter addRow(Object... values)
throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
{
return addRow(Arrays.asList(values));
}
/**
* Adds a new row to the writer.
* <p>
* Each provided value type should correspond to the types of the CQL column
* the value is for. The correspondance between java type and CQL type is the
* same one than the one documented at
* www.datastax.com/drivers/java/2.0/apidocs/com/datastax/driver/core/DataType.Name.html#asJavaClass().
* <p>
* If you prefer providing the values directly as binary, use
* {@link #rawAddRow} instead.
*
* @param values the row values (corresponding to the bind variables of the
* insertion statement used when creating by this writer).
* @return this writer.
*/
public CQLSSTableWriter addRow(List<Object> values)
throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
{
int size = Math.min(values.size(), boundNames.size());
List<ByteBuffer> rawValues = new ArrayList<>(size);
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
Object value = values.get(i);
rawValues.add(serialize(value, typeCodecs.get(i)));
}
return rawAddRow(rawValues);
}
/**
* Adds a new row to the writer.
* <p>
* This is equivalent to the other addRow methods, but takes a map whose
* keys are the names of the columns to add instead of taking a list of the
* values in the order of the insert statement used during construction of
* this write.
* <p>
* Please note that the column names in the map keys must be in lowercase unless
* the declared column name is a
* <a href="http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html#identifiers">case-sensitive quoted identifier</a>
* (in which case the map key must use the exact case of the column).
*
* @param values a map of colum name to column values representing the new
* row to add. Note that if a column is not part of the map, it's value will
* be {@code null}. If the map contains keys that does not correspond to one
* of the column of the insert statement used when creating this writer, the
* the corresponding value is ignored.
* @return this writer.
*/
public CQLSSTableWriter addRow(Map<String, Object> values)
throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
{
int size = boundNames.size();
List<ByteBuffer> rawValues = new ArrayList<>(size);
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
ColumnSpecification spec = boundNames.get(i);
Object value = values.get(spec.name.toString());
rawValues.add(serialize(value, typeCodecs.get(i)));
}
return rawAddRow(rawValues);
}
/**
* Adds a new row to the writer given already serialized values.
*
* @param values the row values (corresponding to the bind variables of the
* insertion statement used when creating by this writer) as binary.
* @return this writer.
*/
public CQLSSTableWriter rawAddRow(ByteBuffer... values)
throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
{
return rawAddRow(Arrays.asList(values));
}
/**
* Adds a new row to the writer given already serialized values.
* <p>
* This is a shortcut for {@code rawAddRow(Arrays.asList(values))}.
*
* @param values the row values (corresponding to the bind variables of the
* insertion statement used when creating by this writer) as binary.
* @return this writer.
*/
public CQLSSTableWriter rawAddRow(List<ByteBuffer> values)
throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
{
if (values.size() != boundNames.size())
throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid number of arguments, expecting %d values but got %d", boundNames.size(), values.size()));
QueryOptions options = QueryOptions.forInternalCalls(null, values);
List<ByteBuffer> keys = insert.buildPartitionKeyNames(options);
SortedSet<Clustering> clusterings = insert.createClustering(options);
long now = System.currentTimeMillis() * 1000;
// Note that we asks indexes to not validate values (the last 'false' arg below) because that triggers a 'Keyspace.open'
// and that forces a lot of initialization that we don't want.
UpdateParameters params = new UpdateParameters(insert.metadata,
insert.updatedColumns(),
options,
insert.getTimestamp(now, options),
insert.getTimeToLive(options),
Collections.<DecoratedKey, Partition>emptyMap());
try
{
for (ByteBuffer key : keys)
{
for (Clustering clustering : clusterings)
insert.addUpdateForKey(writer.getUpdateFor(key), clustering, params);
}
return this;
}
catch (SSTableSimpleUnsortedWriter.SyncException e)
{
// If we use a BufferedWriter and had a problem writing to disk, the IOException has been
// wrapped in a SyncException (see BufferedWriter below). We want to extract that IOE.
throw (IOException)e.getCause();
}
}
/**
* Adds a new row to the writer given already serialized values.
* <p>
* This is equivalent to the other rawAddRow methods, but takes a map whose
* keys are the names of the columns to add instead of taking a list of the
* values in the order of the insert statement used during construction of
* this write.
*
* @param values a map of colum name to column values representing the new
* row to add. Note that if a column is not part of the map, it's value will
* be {@code null}. If the map contains keys that does not correspond to one
* of the column of the insert statement used when creating this writer, the
* the corresponding value is ignored.
* @return this writer.
*/
public CQLSSTableWriter rawAddRow(Map<String, ByteBuffer> values)
throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
{
int size = Math.min(values.size(), boundNames.size());
List<ByteBuffer> rawValues = new ArrayList<>(size);
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
ColumnSpecification spec = boundNames.get(i);
rawValues.add(values.get(spec.name.toString()));
}
return rawAddRow(rawValues);
}
/**
* Returns the User Defined type, used in this SSTable Writer, that can
* be used to create UDTValue instances.
*
* @param dataType name of the User Defined type
* @return user defined type
*/
public com.datastax.driver.core.UserType getUDType(String dataType)
{
KeyspaceMetadata ksm = Schema.instance.getKeyspaceMetadata(insert.keyspace());
UserType userType = ksm.types.getNullable(ByteBufferUtil.bytes(dataType));
return (com.datastax.driver.core.UserType) UDHelper.driverType(userType);
}
/**
* Close this writer.
* <p>
* This method should be called, otherwise the produced sstables are not
* guaranteed to be complete (and won't be in practice).
*/
public void close() throws IOException
{
writer.close();
}
private ByteBuffer serialize(Object value, TypeCodec codec)
{
if (value == null || value == UNSET_VALUE)
return (ByteBuffer) value;
return codec.serialize(value, ProtocolVersion.NEWEST_SUPPORTED);
}
/**
* A Builder for a CQLSSTableWriter object.
*/
public static class Builder
{
private File directory;
protected SSTableFormat.Type formatType = null;
private CreateTableStatement.RawStatement schemaStatement;
private final List<CreateTypeStatement> typeStatements;
private ModificationStatement.Parsed insertStatement;
private IPartitioner partitioner;
private boolean sorted = false;
private long bufferSizeInMB = 128;
protected Builder() {
this.typeStatements = new ArrayList<>();
}
/**
* The directory where to write the sstables.
* <p>
* This is a mandatory option.
*
* @param directory the directory to use, which should exists and be writable.
* @return this builder.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code directory} doesn't exist or is not writable.
*/
public Builder inDirectory(String directory)
{
return inDirectory(new File(directory));
}
/**
* The directory where to write the sstables (mandatory option).
* <p>
* This is a mandatory option.
*
* @param directory the directory to use, which should exists and be writable.
* @return this builder.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code directory} doesn't exist or is not writable.
*/
public Builder inDirectory(File directory)
{
if (!directory.exists())
throw new IllegalArgumentException(directory + " doesn't exists");
if (!directory.canWrite())
throw new IllegalArgumentException(directory + " exists but is not writable");
this.directory = directory;
return this;
}
public Builder withType(String typeDefinition) throws SyntaxException
{
typeStatements.add(QueryProcessor.parseStatement(typeDefinition, CreateTypeStatement.class, "CREATE TYPE"));
return this;
}
/**
* The schema (CREATE TABLE statement) for the table for which sstable are to be created.
* <p>
* Please note that the provided CREATE TABLE statement <b>must</b> use a fully-qualified
* table name, one that include the keyspace name.
* <p>
* This is a mandatory option.
*
* @param schema the schema of the table for which sstables are to be created.
* @return this builder.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code schema} is not a valid CREATE TABLE statement
* or does not have a fully-qualified table name.
*/
public Builder forTable(String schema)
{
this.schemaStatement = QueryProcessor.parseStatement(schema, CreateTableStatement.RawStatement.class, "CREATE TABLE");
return this;
}
/**
* The partitioner to use.
* <p>
* By default, {@code Murmur3Partitioner} will be used. If this is not the partitioner used
* by the cluster for which the SSTables are created, you need to use this method to
* provide the correct partitioner.
*
* @param partitioner the partitioner to use.
* @return this builder.
*/
public Builder withPartitioner(IPartitioner partitioner)
{
this.partitioner = partitioner;
return this;
}
/**
* The INSERT or UPDATE statement defining the order of the values to add for a given CQL row.
* <p>
* Please note that the provided INSERT statement <b>must</b> use a fully-qualified
* table name, one that include the keyspace name. Moreover, said statement must use
* bind variables since these variables will be bound to values by the resulting writer.
* <p>
* This is a mandatory option.
*
* @param insert an insertion statement that defines the order
* of column values to use.
* @return this builder.
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code insertStatement} is not a valid insertion
* statement, does not have a fully-qualified table name or have no bind variables.
*/
public Builder using(String insert)
{
this.insertStatement = QueryProcessor.parseStatement(insert, ModificationStatement.Parsed.class, "INSERT/UPDATE");
return this;
}
/**
* The size of the buffer to use.
* <p>
* This defines how much data will be buffered before being written as
* a new SSTable. This correspond roughly to the data size that will have the created
* sstable.
* <p>
* The default is 128MB, which should be reasonable for a 1GB heap. If you experience
* OOM while using the writer, you should lower this value.
*
* @param size the size to use in MB.
* @return this builder.
*/
public Builder withBufferSizeInMB(int size)
{
this.bufferSizeInMB = size;
return this;
}
/**
* Creates a CQLSSTableWriter that expects sorted inputs.
* <p>
* If this option is used, the resulting writer will expect rows to be
* added in SSTable sorted order (and an exception will be thrown if that
* is not the case during insertion). The SSTable sorted order means that
* rows are added such that their partition key respect the partitioner
* order.
* <p>
* You should thus only use this option is you know that you can provide
* the rows in order, which is rarely the case. If you can provide the
* rows in order however, using this sorted might be more efficient.
* <p>
* Note that if used, some option like withBufferSizeInMB will be ignored.
*
* @return this builder.
*/
public Builder sorted()
{
this.sorted = true;
return this;
}
@SuppressWarnings("resource")
public CQLSSTableWriter build()
{
if (directory == null)
throw new IllegalStateException("No ouptut directory specified, you should provide a directory with inDirectory()");
if (schemaStatement == null)
throw new IllegalStateException("Missing schema, you should provide the schema for the SSTable to create with forTable()");
if (insertStatement == null)
throw new IllegalStateException("No insert statement specified, you should provide an insert statement through using()");
synchronized (CQLSSTableWriter.class)
{
String keyspace = schemaStatement.keyspace();
if (Schema.instance.getKeyspaceMetadata(keyspace) == null)
Schema.instance.load(KeyspaceMetadata.create(keyspace, KeyspaceParams.simple(1)));
createTypes(keyspace);
TableMetadataRef tableMetadata = TableMetadataRef.forOfflineTools(createTable(keyspace));
Pair<UpdateStatement, List<ColumnSpecification>> preparedInsert = prepareInsert();
AbstractSSTableSimpleWriter writer = sorted
? new SSTableSimpleWriter(directory, tableMetadata, preparedInsert.left.updatedColumns())
: new SSTableSimpleUnsortedWriter(directory, tableMetadata, preparedInsert.left.updatedColumns(), bufferSizeInMB);
if (formatType != null)
writer.setSSTableFormatType(formatType);
return new CQLSSTableWriter(writer, preparedInsert.left, preparedInsert.right);
}
}
private void createTypes(String keyspace)
{
KeyspaceMetadata ksm = Schema.instance.getKeyspaceMetadata(keyspace);
Types.RawBuilder builder = Types.rawBuilder(keyspace);
for (CreateTypeStatement st : typeStatements)
st.addToRawBuilder(builder);
ksm = ksm.withSwapped(builder.build());
Schema.instance.load(ksm);
}
/**
* Creates the table according to schema statement
*
* @param keyspace name of the keyspace where table should be created
*/
private TableMetadata createTable(String keyspace)
{
KeyspaceMetadata ksm = Schema.instance.getKeyspaceMetadata(keyspace);
TableMetadata tableMetadata = ksm.tables.getNullable(schemaStatement.columnFamily());
if (tableMetadata != null)
return tableMetadata;
CreateTableStatement statement = (CreateTableStatement) schemaStatement.prepare(ksm.types).statement;
statement.validate(ClientState.forInternalCalls());
TableMetadata.Builder builder = statement.builder();
if (partitioner != null)
builder.partitioner(partitioner);
TableMetadata metadata = builder.build();
Schema.instance.load(ksm.withSwapped(ksm.tables.with(metadata)));
return metadata;
}
/**
* Prepares insert statement for writing data to SSTable
*
* @return prepared Insert statement and it's bound names
*/
private Pair<UpdateStatement, List<ColumnSpecification>> prepareInsert()
{
ParsedStatement.Prepared cqlStatement = insertStatement.prepare();
UpdateStatement insert = (UpdateStatement) cqlStatement.statement;
insert.validate(ClientState.forInternalCalls());
if (insert.hasConditions())
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Conditional statements are not supported");
if (insert.isCounter())
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Counter update statements are not supported");
if (cqlStatement.boundNames.isEmpty())
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Provided insert statement has no bind variables");
return Pair.create(insert, cqlStatement.boundNames);
}
}
}