package org.teachingextensions.logo.utils.MazeUtils;
/******************************************************************************
* Compilation: javac StdOut.java
* Execution: java StdOut
* Dependencies: none
*
* Writes data of various types to standard output.
*
******************************************************************************/
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.util.Locale;
/**
* This class provides methods for printing strings and numbers to standard output.
* <p>
* <b>Getting started.</b>
* To use this class, you must have <tt>StdOut.class</tt> in your
* Java classpath. If you used our autoinstaller, you should be all set.
* Otherwise, download
* <a href = "http://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/stdlib/StdOut.java">StdOut.java</a>
* and put a copy in your working directory.
* <p>
* Here is an example program that uses <code>StdOut</code>:
* <pre>
* public class TestStdOut {
* public static void main(String[] args) {
* int a = 17;
* int b = 23;
* int sum = a + b;
* StdOut.println("Hello, World");
* StdOut.printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, sum);
* }
* }
* </pre>
* <p>
* <b>Differences with System.out.</b>
* The behavior of <code>StdOut</code> is similar to that of {@link System#out},
* but there are a few subtle differences:
* <ul>
* <li> <code>StdOut</code> coerces the character-set encoding to UTF-8,
* which is a standard character encoding for Unicode.
* <li> <code>StdOut</code> coerces the locale to {@link Locale#US},
* for consistency with {@link StdIn}, {@link Double#parseDouble(String)},
* and floating-point literals.
* <li> <code>StdOut</code> <em>flushes</em> standard output after each call to
* <code>print()</code> so that text will appear immediately in the terminal.
* </ul>
* <p>
* <b>Reference.</b>
* For additional documentation,
* see <a href="http://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/15inout">Section 1.5</a> of
* <em>Introduction to Programming in Java: An Interdisciplinary Approach</em>
* by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
*
* @author Robert Sedgewick
* @author Kevin Wayne
*/
public final class StdOut
{
// force Unicode UTF-8 encoding; otherwise it's system dependent
private static final String CHARSET_NAME = "UTF-8";
// assume language = English, country = US for consistency with StdIn
private static final Locale LOCALE = Locale.US;
// send output here
private static PrintWriter out;
// this is called before invoking any methods
static
{
try
{
out = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out, CHARSET_NAME), true);
}
catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
// don't instantiate
private StdOut()
{
}
/**
* Closes standard output.
*/
public static void close()
{
out.close();
}
/**
* Terminates the current line by printing the line-separator string.
*/
public static void println()
{
out.println();
}
/**
* Prints an object to this output stream and then terminates the line.
*
* @param x the object to print
*/
public static void println(Object x)
{
out.println(x);
}
/**
* Prints a boolean to standard output and then terminates the line.
*
* @param x the boolean to print
*/
public static void println(boolean x)
{
out.println(x);
}
/**
* Prints a character to standard output and then terminates the line.
*
* @param x the character to print
*/
public static void println(char x)
{
out.println(x);
}
/**
* Prints a double to standard output and then terminates the line.
*
* @param x the double to print
*/
public static void println(double x)
{
out.println(x);
}
/**
* Prints an integer to standard output and then terminates the line.
*
* @param x the integer to print
*/
public static void println(float x)
{
out.println(x);
}
/**
* Prints an integer to standard output and then terminates the line.
*
* @param x the integer to print
*/
public static void println(int x)
{
out.println(x);
}
/**
* Prints a long to standard output and then terminates the line.
*
* @param x the long to print
*/
public static void println(long x)
{
out.println(x);
}
/**
* Prints a short integer to standard output and then terminates the line.
*
* @param x the short to print
*/
public static void println(short x)
{
out.println(x);
}
/**
* Prints a byte to standard output and then terminates the line.
* <p>
* To write binary data, see {@link BinaryStdOut}.
*
* @param x the byte to print
*/
public static void println(byte x)
{
out.println(x);
}
/**
* Flushes standard output.
*/
public static void print()
{
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints an object to standard output and flushes standard output.
*
* @param x the object to print
*/
public static void print(Object x)
{
out.print(x);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints a boolean to standard output and flushes standard output.
*
* @param x the boolean to print
*/
public static void print(boolean x)
{
out.print(x);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints a character to standard output and flushes standard output.
*
* @param x the character to print
*/
public static void print(char x)
{
out.print(x);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints a double to standard output and flushes standard output.
*
* @param x the double to print
*/
public static void print(double x)
{
out.print(x);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints a float to standard output and flushes standard output.
*
* @param x the float to print
*/
public static void print(float x)
{
out.print(x);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints an integer to standard output and flushes standard output.
*
* @param x the integer to print
*/
public static void print(int x)
{
out.print(x);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints a long integer to standard output and flushes standard output.
*
* @param x the long integer to print
*/
public static void print(long x)
{
out.print(x);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints a short integer to standard output and flushes standard output.
*
* @param x the short integer to print
*/
public static void print(short x)
{
out.print(x);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints a byte to standard output and flushes standard output.
*
* @param x the byte to print
*/
public static void print(byte x)
{
out.print(x);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints a formatted string to standard output, using the specified format
* string and arguments, and then flushes standard output.
*
*
* @param format the <a href = "http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Formatter.html#syntax">format string</a>
* @param args the arguments accompanying the format string
*/
public static void printf(String format, Object... args)
{
out.printf(LOCALE, format, args);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Prints a formatted string to standard output, using the locale and
* the specified format string and arguments; then flushes standard output.
*
* @param locale the locale
* @param format the <a href = "http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Formatter.html#syntax">format string</a>
* @param args the arguments accompanying the format string
*/
public static void printf(Locale locale, String format, Object... args)
{
out.printf(locale, format, args);
out.flush();
}
/**
* Unit tests some of the methods in <tt>StdOut</tt>.
*/
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// write to stdout
StdOut.println("Test");
StdOut.println(17);
StdOut.println(true);
StdOut.printf("%.6f\n", 1.0 / 7.0);
}
}