/* * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file * distributed with this work for additional information * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, * software distributed under the License is distributed on an * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the * specific language governing permissions and limitations * under the License. */ package org.apache.shiro.crypto; import org.apache.shiro.util.StringUtils; /** * Base abstract class for block cipher algorithms. * * <h2>Usage</h2> * Note that this class exists mostly to simplify algorithm-specific subclasses. Unless you understand the concepts of * cipher modes of operation, block sizes, and padding schemes, and you want direct control of these things, you should * typically not uses instances of this class directly. Instead, algorithm-specific subclasses, such as * {@link AesCipherService}, {@link BlowfishCipherService}, and others are usually better suited for regular use. * <p/> * However, if you have the need to create a custom block cipher service where no sufficient algorithm-specific subclass * exists in Shiro, this class would be very useful. * * <h2>Configuration</h2> * Block ciphers can accept configuration parameters that direct how they operate. These parameters concatenated * together in a single String comprise what the JDK JCA documentation calls a * <a href="http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/security/crypto/CryptoSpec.html#trans">transformation * string</a>. We think that it is better for Shiro to construct this transformation string automatically based on its * constituent parts instead of having the end-user construct the string manually, which may be error prone or * confusing. To that end, Shiro {@link DefaultBlockCipherService}s have attributes that can be set individually in * a type-safe manner based on your configuration needs, and Shiro will build the transformation string for you. * <p/> * The following sections typically document the configuration options for block (byte array) * {@link #encrypt(byte[], byte[])} and {@link #decrypt(byte[], byte[])} method invocations. Streaming configuration * for those same attributes are done via mirrored {@code streaming}* attributes, and their purpose is identical, but * they're only used during streaming {@link #encrypt(java.io.InputStream, java.io.OutputStream, byte[])} and * {@link #decrypt(java.io.InputStream, java.io.OutputStream, byte[])} methods. See the "Streaming" * section below for more. * * <h3>Block Size</h3> * The block size specifies the number of bits (not bytes) that the cipher operates on when performing an operation. * It can be specified explicitly via the {@link #setBlockSize blockSize} attribute. If not set, the JCA Provider * default will be used based on the cipher algorithm. Block sizes are usually very algorithm specific, so set this * value only if you know you don't want the JCA Provider's default for the desired algorithm. For example, the * AES algorithm's Rijndael implementation <em>only</em> supports a 128 bit block size and will not work with any other * size. * <p/> * Also note that the {@link #setInitializationVectorSize initializationVectorSize} is usually the same as the * {@link #setBlockSize blockSize} in block ciphers. If you change either attribute, you should ensure that the other * attribute is correct for the target cipher algorithm. * * <h3>Operation Mode</h3> * You may set the block cipher's<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_modes_of_operation">mode of * operation</a> via the {@link #setMode(OperationMode) mode} attribute, which accepts a type-safe * {@link OperationMode OperationMode} enum instance. This type safety helps avoid typos when specifying the mode and * guarantees that the mode name will be recognized by the underlying JCA Provider. * <p/> * <b>*</b>If no operation mode is specified, Shiro defaults all of its block {@code CipherService} instances to the * {@link OperationMode#CBC CBC} mode, specifically to support auto-generation of initialization vectors during * encryption. This is different than the JDK's default {@link OperationMode#ECB ECB} mode because {@code ECB} does * not support initialization vectors, which are necessary for strong encryption. See the * {@link org.apache.shiro.crypto.JcaCipherService JcaCipherService parent class} class JavaDoc for an extensive * explanation on why we do this and why we do not use the Sun {@code ECB} default. You also might also want read * the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_modes_of_operation#Electronic_codebook_.28ECB.29">Wikipedia * section on ECB<a/> and look at the encrypted image to see an example of why {@code ECB} should not be used in * security-sensitive environments. * <p/> * In the rare case that you need to override the default with a mode not represented * by the {@link OperationMode} enum, you may specify the raw mode name string that will be recognized by your JCA * provider via the {@link #setModeName modeName} attribute. Because this is not type-safe, it is recommended only to * use this attribute if the {@link OperationMode} enum does not represent your desired mode. * <p/> * <b>NOTE:</b> If you change the mode to one that does not support initialization vectors (such as * {@link OperationMode#ECB ECB} or {@link OperationMode#NONE NONE}), you <em>must</em> turn off auto-generated * initialization vectors by setting {@link #setGenerateInitializationVectors(boolean) generateInitializationVectors} * to {@code false}. Abandoning initialization vectors significantly weakens encryption, so think twice before * disabling this feature. * * <h3>Padding Scheme</h3> * Because block ciphers process messages in fixed-length blocks, if the final block in a message is not equal to the * block length, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padding_(cryptography)">padding</a> is applied to match that * size to maintain the total length of the message. This is good because it protects data patterns from being * identified - when all chunks look the same length, it is much harder to infer what that data might be. * <p/> * You may set a padding scheme via the {@link #setPaddingScheme(PaddingScheme) paddingScheme} attribute, which * accepts a type-safe {@link PaddingScheme PaddingScheme} enum instance. Like the {@link OperationMode} enum, * this enum offers type safety to help avoid typos and guarantees that the mode will be recongized by the underlying * JCA provider. * <p/> * <b>*</b>If no padding scheme is specified, this class defaults to the {@link PaddingScheme#PKCS5} scheme, specifically * to be compliant with the default behavior of auto-generating initialization vectors during encryption (see the * {@link org.apache.shiro.crypto.JcaCipherService JcaCipherService parent class} class JavaDoc for why). * <p/> * In the rare case that you need to override the default with a scheme not represented by the {@link PaddingScheme} * enum, you may specify the raw padding scheme name string that will be recognized by your JCA provider via the * {@link #setPaddingScheme paddingSchemeName} attribute. Because this is not type-safe, it is recommended only to * use this attribute if the {@link PaddingScheme} enum does not represent your desired scheme. * * <h2>Streaming</h2> * Most people don't think of using block ciphers as stream ciphers, since their name implies working * with block data (i.e. byte arrays) only. However, block ciphers can be turned into byte-oriented stream ciphers by * using an appropriate {@link OperationMode operation mode} with a {@link #getStreamingBlockSize() streaming block size} * of 8 bits. This is why the {@link CipherService} interface provides both block and streaming operations. * <p/> * Because this streaming 8-bit block size rarely changes across block-cipher algorithms, default values have been set * for all three streaming configuration parameters. The defaults are: * <ul> * <li>{@link #setStreamingBlockSize(int) streamingBlockSize} = {@code 8} (bits)</li> * <li>{@link #setStreamingMode streamingMode} = {@link OperationMode#CBC CBC}</li> * <li>{@link #setStreamingPaddingScheme(PaddingScheme) streamingPaddingScheme} = {@link PaddingScheme#PKCS5 PKCS5}</li> * </ul> * <p/> * These attributes have the same meaning as the {@code mode}, {@code blockSize}, and {@code paddingScheme} attributes * described above, but they are applied during streaming method invocations only ({@link #encrypt(java.io.InputStream, java.io.OutputStream, byte[])} * and {@link #decrypt(java.io.InputStream, java.io.OutputStream, byte[])}). * * @see BlowfishCipherService * @see AesCipherService * @see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_modes_of_operation">Wikipedia: Block Cipher Modes of Operation</a> * @since 1.0 */ public class DefaultBlockCipherService extends AbstractSymmetricCipherService { private static final int DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE = 0; private static final String TRANSFORMATION_STRING_DELIMITER = "/"; private static final int DEFAULT_STREAMING_BLOCK_SIZE = 8; //8 bits (1 byte) private String modeName; private int blockSize; //size in bits (not bytes) - i.e. a blockSize of 8 equals 1 byte. negative or zero value = use system default private String paddingSchemeName; private String streamingModeName; private int streamingBlockSize; private String streamingPaddingSchemeName; private String transformationString; //cached value - rebuilt whenever any of its constituent parts change private String streamingTransformationString; //cached value - rebuilt whenever any of its constituent parts change /** * Creates a new {@link DefaultBlockCipherService} using the specified block cipher {@code algorithmName}. Per this * class's JavaDoc, this constructor also sets the following defaults: * <ul> * <li>{@code streamingMode} = {@link OperationMode#CBC CBC}</li> * <li>{@code streamingPaddingScheme} = {@link PaddingScheme#NONE none}</li> * <li>{@code streamingBlockSize} = 8</li> * </ul> * All other attributes are null/unset, indicating the JCA Provider defaults will be used. * * @param algorithmName the block cipher algorithm to use when encrypting and decrypting */ public DefaultBlockCipherService(String algorithmName) { super(algorithmName); this.modeName = OperationMode.CBC.name(); this.paddingSchemeName = PaddingScheme.PKCS5.getTransformationName(); this.blockSize = DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE; //0 = use the JCA provider's default this.streamingModeName = OperationMode.CBC.name(); this.streamingPaddingSchemeName = PaddingScheme.PKCS5.getTransformationName(); this.streamingBlockSize = DEFAULT_STREAMING_BLOCK_SIZE; } /** * Returns the cipher operation mode name (as a String) to be used when constructing * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string or {@code null} if the JCA Provider default mode for * the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. * <p/> * This attribute is used <em>only</em> when constructing the transformation string for block (byte array) * operations ({@link #encrypt(byte[], byte[])} and {@link #decrypt(byte[], byte[])}). The * {@link #getStreamingModeName() streamingModeName} attribute is used when the block cipher is used for * streaming operations. * <p/> * The default value is {@code null} to retain the JCA Provider default. * * @return the cipher operation mode name (as a String) to be used when constructing the * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string, or {@code null} if the JCA Provider default * mode for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. */ public String getModeName() { return modeName; } /** * Sets the cipher operation mode name to be used when constructing the * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string. A {@code null} value indicates that the JCA Provider * default mode for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. * <p/> * This attribute is used <em>only</em> when constructing the transformation string for block (byte array) * operations ({@link #encrypt(byte[], byte[])} and {@link #decrypt(byte[], byte[])}). The * {@link #getStreamingModeName() streamingModeName} attribute is used when the block cipher is used for * streaming operations. * <p/> * The default value is {@code null} to retain the JCA Provider default. * <p/> * <b>NOTE:</b> most standard mode names are represented by the {@link OperationMode OperationMode} enum. That enum * should be used with the {@link #setMode mode} attribute when possible to retain type-safety and reduce the * possibility of errors. This method is better used if the {@link OperationMode} enum does not represent the * necessary mode. * * @param modeName the cipher operation mode name to be used when constructing * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string, or {@code null} if the JCA Provider * default mode for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. * @see #setMode */ public void setModeName(String modeName) { this.modeName = modeName; //clear out the transformation string so the next invocation will rebuild it with the new mode: this.transformationString = null; } /** * Sets the cipher operation mode of operation to be used when constructing the * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string. A {@code null} value indicates that the JCA Provider * default mode for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. * <p/> * This attribute is used <em>only</em> when constructing the transformation string for block (byte array) * operations ({@link #encrypt(byte[], byte[])} and {@link #decrypt(byte[], byte[])}). The * {@link #setStreamingMode streamingMode} attribute is used when the block cipher is used for * streaming operations. * <p/> * If the {@link OperationMode} enum cannot represent your desired mode, you can set the name explicitly * via the {@link #setModeName modeName} attribute directly. However, because {@link OperationMode} represents all * standard JDK mode names already, ensure that your underlying JCA Provider supports the non-standard name first. * * @param mode the cipher operation mode to be used when constructing * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string, or {@code null} if the JCA Provider * default mode for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. */ public void setMode(OperationMode mode) { setModeName(mode.name()); } /** * Returns the cipher algorithm padding scheme name (as a String) to be used when constructing * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string or {@code null} if the JCA Provider default mode for * the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. * <p/> * This attribute is used <em>only</em> when constructing the transformation string for block (byte array) * operations ({@link #encrypt(byte[], byte[])} and {@link #decrypt(byte[], byte[])}). The * {@link #getStreamingPaddingSchemeName() streamingPaddingSchemeName} attribute is used when the block cipher is * used for streaming operations. * <p/> * The default value is {@code null} to retain the JCA Provider default. * * @return the padding scheme name (as a String) to be used when constructing the * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string, or {@code null} if the JCA Provider default * padding scheme for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. */ public String getPaddingSchemeName() { return paddingSchemeName; } /** * Sets the padding scheme name to be used when constructing the * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string, or {@code null} if the JCA Provider default mode for * the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. * <p/> * This attribute is used <em>only</em> when constructing the transformation string for block (byte array) * operations ({@link #encrypt(byte[], byte[])} and {@link #decrypt(byte[], byte[])}). The * {@link #getStreamingPaddingSchemeName() streamingPaddingSchemeName} attribute is used when the block cipher is * used for streaming operations. * <p/> * The default value is {@code null} to retain the JCA Provider default. * <p/> * <b>NOTE:</b> most standard padding schemes are represented by the {@link PaddingScheme PaddingScheme} enum. * That enum should be used with the {@link #setPaddingScheme paddingScheme} attribute when possible to retain * type-safety and reduce the possibility of errors. Calling this method however is suitable if the * {@code PaddingScheme} enum does not represent the desired scheme. * * @param paddingSchemeName the padding scheme name to be used when constructing * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string, or {@code null} if the JCA * Provider default padding scheme for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} * should be used. * @see #setPaddingScheme */ public void setPaddingSchemeName(String paddingSchemeName) { this.paddingSchemeName = paddingSchemeName; //clear out the transformation string so the next invocation will rebuild it with the new padding scheme: this.transformationString = null; } /** * Sets the padding scheme to be used when constructing the * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string. A {@code null} value indicates that the JCA Provider * default padding scheme for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. * <p/> * This attribute is used <em>only</em> when constructing the transformation string for block (byte array) * operations ({@link #encrypt(byte[], byte[])} and {@link #decrypt(byte[], byte[])}). The * {@link #setStreamingPaddingScheme streamingPaddingScheme} attribute is used when the block cipher is used for * streaming operations. * <p/> * If the {@link PaddingScheme PaddingScheme} enum does represent your desired scheme, you can set the name explicitly * via the {@link #setPaddingSchemeName paddingSchemeName} attribute directly. However, because * {@code PaddingScheme} represents all standard JDK scheme names already, ensure that your underlying JCA Provider * supports the non-standard name first. * * @param paddingScheme the padding scheme to be used when constructing * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string, or {@code null} if the JCA Provider * default padding scheme for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. */ public void setPaddingScheme(PaddingScheme paddingScheme) { setPaddingSchemeName(paddingScheme.getTransformationName()); } /** * Returns the block cipher's block size to be used when constructing * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string or {@code 0} if the JCA Provider default block size * for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. * <p/> * This attribute is used <em>only</em> when constructing the transformation string for block (byte array) * operations ({@link #encrypt(byte[], byte[])} and {@link #decrypt(byte[], byte[])}). The * {@link #getStreamingBlockSize() streamingBlockSize} attribute is used when the block cipher is used for * streaming operations. * <p/> * The default value is {@code 0} which retains the JCA Provider default. * * @return the block cipher block size to be used when constructing the * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string, or {@code 0} if the JCA Provider default * block size for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. */ public int getBlockSize() { return blockSize; } /** * Sets the block cipher's block size to be used when constructing * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string. {@code 0} indicates that the JCA Provider default * block size for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. * <p/> * This attribute is used <em>only</em> when constructing the transformation string for block (byte array) * operations ({@link #encrypt(byte[], byte[])} and {@link #decrypt(byte[], byte[])}). The * {@link #getStreamingBlockSize() streamingBlockSize} attribute is used when the block cipher is used for * streaming operations. * <p/> * The default value is {@code 0} which retains the JCA Provider default. * <p/> * <b>NOTE:</b> block cipher block sizes are very algorithm-specific. If you change this value, ensure that it * will work with the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm}. * * @param blockSize the block cipher block size to be used when constructing the * {@link javax.crypto.Cipher Cipher} transformation string, or {@code 0} if the JCA Provider * default block size for the specified {@link #getAlgorithmName() algorithm} should be used. */ public void setBlockSize(int blockSize) { this.blockSize = Math.max(DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE, blockSize); //clear out the transformation string so the next invocation will rebuild it with the new block size: this.transformationString = null; } /** * Same purpose as the {@link #getModeName modeName} attribute, but is used instead only for for streaming * operations ({@link #encrypt(java.io.InputStream, java.io.OutputStream, byte[])} and * {@link #decrypt(java.io.InputStream, java.io.OutputStream, byte[])}). * <p/> * Note that unlike the {@link #getModeName modeName} attribute, the default value of this attribute is not * {@code null} - it is {@link OperationMode#CBC CBC} for reasons described in the class-level JavaDoc in the * {@code Streaming} section. * * @return the transformation string mode name to be used for streaming operations only. */ public String getStreamingModeName() { return streamingModeName; } private boolean isModeStreamingCompatible(String modeName) { return modeName != null && !modeName.equalsIgnoreCase(OperationMode.ECB.name()) && !modeName.equalsIgnoreCase(OperationMode.NONE.name()); } /** * Sets the transformation string mode name to be used for streaming operations only. The default value is * {@link OperationMode#CBC CBC} for reasons described in the class-level JavaDoc in the {@code Streaming} section. * * @param streamingModeName transformation string mode name to be used for streaming operations only */ public void setStreamingModeName(String streamingModeName) { if (!isModeStreamingCompatible(streamingModeName)) { String msg = "mode [" + streamingModeName + "] is not a valid operation mode for block cipher streaming."; throw new IllegalArgumentException(msg); } this.streamingModeName = streamingModeName; //clear out the streaming transformation string so the next invocation will rebuild it with the new mode: this.streamingTransformationString = null; } /** * Sets the transformation string mode to be used for streaming operations only. The default value is * {@link OperationMode#CBC CBC} for reasons described in the class-level JavaDoc in the {@code Streaming} section. * * @param mode the transformation string mode to be used for streaming operations only */ public void setStreamingMode(OperationMode mode) { setStreamingModeName(mode.name()); } public String getStreamingPaddingSchemeName() { return streamingPaddingSchemeName; } public void setStreamingPaddingSchemeName(String streamingPaddingSchemeName) { this.streamingPaddingSchemeName = streamingPaddingSchemeName; //clear out the streaming transformation string so the next invocation will rebuild it with the new scheme: this.streamingTransformationString = null; } public void setStreamingPaddingScheme(PaddingScheme scheme) { setStreamingPaddingSchemeName(scheme.getTransformationName()); } public int getStreamingBlockSize() { return streamingBlockSize; } public void setStreamingBlockSize(int streamingBlockSize) { this.streamingBlockSize = Math.max(DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE, streamingBlockSize); //clear out the streaming transformation string so the next invocation will rebuild it with the new block size: this.streamingTransformationString = null; } /** * Returns the transformation string to use with the {@link javax.crypto.Cipher#getInstance} call. If * {@code streaming} is {@code true}, a block-cipher transformation string compatible with streaming operations will * be constructed and cached for re-use later (see the class-level JavaDoc for more on using block ciphers * for streaming). If {@code streaming} is {@code false} a normal block-cipher transformation string will * be constructed and cached for later re-use. * * @param streaming if the transformation string is going to be used for a Cipher performing stream-based encryption or not. * @return the transformation string */ protected String getTransformationString(boolean streaming) { if (streaming) { if (this.streamingTransformationString == null) { this.streamingTransformationString = buildStreamingTransformationString(); } return this.streamingTransformationString; } else { if (this.transformationString == null) { this.transformationString = buildTransformationString(); } return this.transformationString; } } private String buildTransformationString() { return buildTransformationString(getModeName(), getPaddingSchemeName(), getBlockSize()); } private String buildStreamingTransformationString() { return buildTransformationString(getStreamingModeName(), getStreamingPaddingSchemeName(), 0); } private String buildTransformationString(String modeName, String paddingSchemeName, int blockSize) { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(getAlgorithmName()); if (StringUtils.hasText(modeName)) { sb.append(TRANSFORMATION_STRING_DELIMITER).append(modeName); } if (blockSize > 0) { sb.append(blockSize); } if (StringUtils.hasText(paddingSchemeName)) { sb.append(TRANSFORMATION_STRING_DELIMITER).append(paddingSchemeName); } return sb.toString(); } /** * Returns {@code true} if the specified cipher operation mode name supports initialization vectors, * {@code false} otherwise. * * @param modeName the raw text name of the mode of operation * @return {@code true} if the specified cipher operation mode name supports initialization vectors, * {@code false} otherwise. */ private boolean isModeInitializationVectorCompatible(String modeName) { return modeName != null && !modeName.equalsIgnoreCase(OperationMode.ECB.name()) && !modeName.equalsIgnoreCase(OperationMode.NONE.name()); } /** * Overrides the parent implementation to ensure initialization vectors are always generated if streaming is * enabled (block ciphers <em>must</em> use initialization vectors if they are to be used as a stream cipher). If * not being used as a stream cipher, then the value is computed based on whether or not the currently configured * {@link #getModeName modeName} is compatible with initialization vectors as well as the result of the configured * {@link #setGenerateInitializationVectors(boolean) generateInitializationVectors} value. * * @param streaming whether or not streaming is being performed * @return {@code true} if streaming or a value computed based on if the currently configured mode is compatible * with initialization vectors. */ @Override protected boolean isGenerateInitializationVectors(boolean streaming) { return streaming || super.isGenerateInitializationVectors() && isModeInitializationVectorCompatible(getModeName()); } @Override protected byte[] generateInitializationVector(boolean streaming) { if (streaming) { String streamingModeName = getStreamingModeName(); if (!isModeInitializationVectorCompatible(streamingModeName)) { String msg = "streamingMode attribute value [" + streamingModeName + "] does not support " + "Initialization Vectors. Ensure the streamingMode value represents an operation mode " + "that is compatible with initialization vectors."; throw new IllegalStateException(msg); } } else { String modeName = getModeName(); if (!isModeInitializationVectorCompatible(modeName)) { String msg = "mode attribute value [" + modeName + "] does not support " + "Initialization Vectors. Ensure the mode value represents an operation mode " + "that is compatible with initialization vectors."; throw new IllegalStateException(msg); } } return super.generateInitializationVector(streaming); } }