/* * Copyright 2010 The Apache Software Foundation * * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file * distributed with this work for additional information * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package com.bizosys.hsearch.lang; import java.util.HashMap; /** * Implements the Lovins stemmer. */ public class Stemmer { private static Stemmer stemmer = null; public static Stemmer getInstance() { if (null != stemmer) return stemmer; synchronized (Stemmer.class) { if (null != stemmer) return stemmer; stemmer = new Stemmer(); } return stemmer; } /** The hash tables containing the list of endings. */ private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l11 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l10 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l9 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l8 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l7 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l6 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l5 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l4 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l3 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l2 = null; private static HashMap<String, Character> m_l1 = null; static { m_l11 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l11.put("alistically", 'B'); m_l11.put("arizability", 'A'); m_l11.put("izationally", 'B'); m_l10 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l10.put("antialness", 'A'); m_l10.put("arisations", 'A'); m_l10.put("arizations", 'A'); m_l10.put("entialness", 'A'); m_l9 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l9.put("allically", 'C'); m_l9.put("antaneous", 'A'); m_l9.put("antiality", 'A'); m_l9.put("arisation", 'A'); m_l9.put("arization", 'A'); m_l9.put("ationally", 'B'); m_l9.put("ativeness", 'A'); m_l9.put("eableness", 'E'); m_l9.put("entations", 'A'); m_l9.put("entiality", 'A'); m_l9.put("entialize", 'A'); m_l9.put("entiation", 'A'); m_l9.put("ionalness", 'A'); m_l9.put("istically", 'A'); m_l9.put("itousness", 'A'); m_l9.put("izability", 'A'); m_l9.put("izational", 'A'); m_l8 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l8.put("ableness", 'A'); m_l8.put("arizable", 'A'); m_l8.put("entation", 'A'); m_l8.put("entially", 'A'); m_l8.put("eousness", 'A'); m_l8.put("ibleness", 'A'); m_l8.put("icalness", 'A'); m_l8.put("ionalism", 'A'); m_l8.put("ionality", 'A'); m_l8.put("ionalize", 'A'); m_l8.put("iousness", 'A'); m_l8.put("izations", 'A'); m_l8.put("lessness", 'A'); m_l7 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l7.put("ability", 'A'); m_l7.put("aically", 'A'); m_l7.put("alistic", 'B'); m_l7.put("alities", 'A'); m_l7.put("ariness", 'E'); m_l7.put("aristic", 'A'); m_l7.put("arizing", 'A'); m_l7.put("ateness", 'A'); m_l7.put("atingly", 'A'); m_l7.put("ational", 'B'); m_l7.put("atively", 'A'); m_l7.put("ativism", 'A'); m_l7.put("elihood", 'E'); m_l7.put("encible", 'A'); m_l7.put("entally", 'A'); m_l7.put("entials", 'A'); m_l7.put("entiate", 'A'); m_l7.put("entness", 'A'); m_l7.put("fulness", 'A'); m_l7.put("ibility", 'A'); m_l7.put("icalism", 'A'); m_l7.put("icalist", 'A'); m_l7.put("icality", 'A'); m_l7.put("icalize", 'A'); m_l7.put("ication", 'G'); m_l7.put("icianry", 'A'); m_l7.put("ination", 'A'); m_l7.put("ingness", 'A'); m_l7.put("ionally", 'A'); m_l7.put("isation", 'A'); m_l7.put("ishness", 'A'); m_l7.put("istical", 'A'); m_l7.put("iteness", 'A'); m_l7.put("iveness", 'A'); m_l7.put("ivistic", 'A'); m_l7.put("ivities", 'A'); m_l7.put("ization", 'F'); m_l7.put("izement", 'A'); m_l7.put("oidally", 'A'); m_l7.put("ousness", 'A'); m_l6 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l6.put("aceous", 'A'); m_l6.put("acious", 'B'); m_l6.put("action", 'G'); m_l6.put("alness", 'A'); m_l6.put("ancial", 'A'); m_l6.put("ancies", 'A'); m_l6.put("ancing", 'B'); m_l6.put("ariser", 'A'); m_l6.put("arized", 'A'); m_l6.put("arizer", 'A'); m_l6.put("atable", 'A'); m_l6.put("ations", 'B'); m_l6.put("atives", 'A'); m_l6.put("eature", 'Z'); m_l6.put("efully", 'A'); m_l6.put("encies", 'A'); m_l6.put("encing", 'A'); m_l6.put("ential", 'A'); m_l6.put("enting", 'C'); m_l6.put("entist", 'A'); m_l6.put("eously", 'A'); m_l6.put("ialist", 'A'); m_l6.put("iality", 'A'); m_l6.put("ialize", 'A'); m_l6.put("ically", 'A'); m_l6.put("icance", 'A'); m_l6.put("icians", 'A'); m_l6.put("icists", 'A'); m_l6.put("ifully", 'A'); m_l6.put("ionals", 'A'); m_l6.put("ionate", 'D'); m_l6.put("ioning", 'A'); m_l6.put("ionist", 'A'); m_l6.put("iously", 'A'); m_l6.put("istics", 'A'); m_l6.put("izable", 'E'); m_l6.put("lessly", 'A'); m_l6.put("nesses", 'A'); m_l6.put("oidism", 'A'); m_l5 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l5.put("acies", 'A'); m_l5.put("acity", 'A'); m_l5.put("aging", 'B'); m_l5.put("aical", 'A'); m_l5.put("alist", 'A'); m_l5.put("alism", 'B'); m_l5.put("ality", 'A'); m_l5.put("alize", 'A'); m_l5.put("allic", 'b'); m_l5.put("anced", 'B'); m_l5.put("ances", 'B'); m_l5.put("antic", 'C'); m_l5.put("arial", 'A'); m_l5.put("aries", 'A'); m_l5.put("arily", 'A'); m_l5.put("arity", 'B'); m_l5.put("arize", 'A'); m_l5.put("aroid", 'A'); m_l5.put("ately", 'A'); m_l5.put("ating", 'I'); m_l5.put("ation", 'B'); m_l5.put("ative", 'A'); m_l5.put("ators", 'A'); m_l5.put("atory", 'A'); m_l5.put("ature", 'E'); m_l5.put("early", 'Y'); m_l5.put("ehood", 'A'); m_l5.put("eless", 'A'); m_l5.put("elily", 'A'); m_l5.put("ement", 'A'); m_l5.put("enced", 'A'); m_l5.put("ences", 'A'); m_l5.put("eness", 'E'); m_l5.put("ening", 'E'); m_l5.put("ental", 'A'); m_l5.put("ented", 'C'); m_l5.put("ently", 'A'); m_l5.put("fully", 'A'); m_l5.put("ially", 'A'); m_l5.put("icant", 'A'); m_l5.put("ician", 'A'); m_l5.put("icide", 'A'); m_l5.put("icism", 'A'); m_l5.put("icist", 'A'); m_l5.put("icity", 'A'); m_l5.put("idine", 'I'); m_l5.put("iedly", 'A'); m_l5.put("ihood", 'A'); m_l5.put("inate", 'A'); m_l5.put("iness", 'A'); m_l5.put("ingly", 'B'); m_l5.put("inism", 'J'); m_l5.put("inity", 'c'); m_l5.put("ional", 'A'); m_l5.put("ioned", 'A'); m_l5.put("ished", 'A'); m_l5.put("istic", 'A'); m_l5.put("ities", 'A'); m_l5.put("itous", 'A'); m_l5.put("ively", 'A'); m_l5.put("ivity", 'A'); m_l5.put("izers", 'F'); m_l5.put("izing", 'F'); m_l5.put("oidal", 'A'); m_l5.put("oides", 'A'); m_l5.put("otide", 'A'); m_l5.put("ously", 'A'); m_l4 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l4.put("able", 'A'); m_l4.put("ably", 'A'); m_l4.put("ages", 'B'); m_l4.put("ally", 'B'); m_l4.put("ance", 'B'); m_l4.put("ancy", 'B'); m_l4.put("ants", 'B'); m_l4.put("aric", 'A'); m_l4.put("arly", 'K'); m_l4.put("ated", 'I'); m_l4.put("ates", 'A'); m_l4.put("atic", 'B'); m_l4.put("ator", 'A'); m_l4.put("ealy", 'Y'); m_l4.put("edly", 'E'); m_l4.put("eful", 'A'); m_l4.put("eity", 'A'); m_l4.put("ence", 'A'); m_l4.put("ency", 'A'); m_l4.put("ened", 'E'); m_l4.put("enly", 'E'); m_l4.put("eous", 'A'); m_l4.put("hood", 'A'); m_l4.put("ials", 'A'); m_l4.put("ians", 'A'); m_l4.put("ible", 'A'); m_l4.put("ibly", 'A'); m_l4.put("ical", 'A'); m_l4.put("ides", 'L'); m_l4.put("iers", 'A'); m_l4.put("iful", 'A'); m_l4.put("ines", 'M'); m_l4.put("ings", 'N'); m_l4.put("ions", 'B'); m_l4.put("ious", 'A'); m_l4.put("isms", 'B'); m_l4.put("ists", 'A'); m_l4.put("itic", 'H'); m_l4.put("ized", 'F'); m_l4.put("izer", 'F'); m_l4.put("less", 'A'); m_l4.put("lily", 'A'); m_l4.put("ness", 'A'); m_l4.put("ogen", 'A'); m_l4.put("ward", 'A'); m_l4.put("wise", 'A'); m_l4.put("ying", 'B'); m_l4.put("yish", 'A'); m_l3 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l3.put("acy", 'A'); m_l3.put("age", 'B'); m_l3.put("aic", 'A'); m_l3.put("als", 'b'); m_l3.put("ant", 'B'); m_l3.put("ars", 'O'); m_l3.put("ary", 'F'); m_l3.put("ata", 'A'); m_l3.put("ate", 'A'); m_l3.put("eal", 'Y'); m_l3.put("ear", 'Y'); m_l3.put("ely", 'E'); m_l3.put("ene", 'E'); m_l3.put("ent", 'C'); m_l3.put("ery", 'E'); m_l3.put("ese", 'A'); m_l3.put("ful", 'A'); m_l3.put("ial", 'A'); m_l3.put("ian", 'A'); m_l3.put("ics", 'A'); m_l3.put("ide", 'L'); m_l3.put("ied", 'A'); m_l3.put("ier", 'A'); m_l3.put("ies", 'P'); m_l3.put("ily", 'A'); m_l3.put("ine", 'M'); m_l3.put("ing", 'N'); m_l3.put("ion", 'Q'); m_l3.put("ish", 'C'); m_l3.put("ism", 'B'); m_l3.put("ist", 'A'); m_l3.put("ite", 'a'); m_l3.put("ity", 'A'); m_l3.put("ium", 'A'); m_l3.put("ive", 'A'); m_l3.put("ize", 'F'); m_l3.put("oid", 'A'); m_l3.put("one", 'R'); m_l3.put("ous", 'A'); m_l2 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l2.put("ae", 'A'); m_l2.put("al", 'b'); m_l2.put("ar", 'X'); m_l2.put("as", 'B'); m_l2.put("ed", 'E'); m_l2.put("en", 'F'); m_l2.put("es", 'E'); m_l2.put("ia", 'A'); m_l2.put("ic", 'A'); m_l2.put("is", 'A'); m_l2.put("ly", 'B'); m_l2.put("on", 'S'); m_l2.put("or", 'T'); m_l2.put("um", 'U'); m_l2.put("us", 'V'); m_l2.put("yl", 'R'); m_l2.put("s\'", 'A'); m_l2.put("\'s", 'A'); m_l1 = new HashMap<String, Character>(); m_l1.put("a", 'A'); m_l1.put("e", 'A'); m_l1.put("i", 'A'); m_l1.put("o", 'A'); m_l1.put("s", 'W'); m_l1.put("y", 'B'); } private Stemmer() { } /** * Finds and removes ending from given word. */ private String removeEnding(String word, boolean onepass) { int length = word.length(); int el = 11; //boolean isFirstTime = true; byte iteration = 0; while (el > 0) { if ( length - el < 2) { el--; continue; } if ( onepass) { if ( iteration > 1 ) break; else iteration++; } String ending = word.substring(length - el); Character conditionCode = null; switch (el) { case 11: conditionCode = m_l11.get(ending); break; case 10: conditionCode = m_l10.get(ending); break; case 9: conditionCode = m_l9.get(ending); break; case 8: conditionCode = m_l8.get(ending); break; case 7: conditionCode = m_l7.get(ending); break; case 6: conditionCode = m_l6.get(ending); break; case 5: conditionCode = m_l5.get(ending); break; case 4: conditionCode = m_l4.get(ending); break; case 3: conditionCode = m_l3.get(ending); break; case 2: conditionCode = m_l2.get(ending); break; case 1: conditionCode = m_l1.get(ending); break; default: } if (conditionCode != null) { switch (conditionCode) { case 'A': return word.substring(0, length - el); case 'B': if (length - el > 2) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'C': if (length - el > 3) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'D': if (length - el > 4) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'E': if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e') { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'F': if ((length - el > 2) && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'G': if ((length - el > 2) && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'f')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'H': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') || ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') && (word .charAt(length - el - 2) == 'l'))) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'I': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'o') && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'J': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'a') && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'K': if ((length - el > 2) && ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'i') || ((word .charAt(length - el - 1) == 'e') && (word .charAt(length - el - 3) == 'u')))) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'L': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'u') && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'x') && ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 's') || (word .charAt(length - el - 2) == 'o'))) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'M': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'a') && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'c') && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e') && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'm')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'N': if ((length - el > 3) || ((length - el == 3) && ((word.charAt(length - el - 3) != 's')))) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'O': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'i')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'P': if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'c') { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'Q': if ((length - el > 2) && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'l') && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'n')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'R': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'n') || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'S': if (((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r') && (word .charAt(length - el - 2) == 'd')) || ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') && (word .charAt(length - el - 2) != 't'))) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'T': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 's') || ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') && (word .charAt(length - el - 2) != 'o'))) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'U': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'm') || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'n') || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'V': if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'c') { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'W': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 's') && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'u')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'X': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'i') || ((length - el > 2) && (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'e') && (word .charAt(length - el - 3) == 'u'))) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'Y': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'n') && (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'i')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'Z': if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'f') { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'a': if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'd') || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'f') || (((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'h') && (word .charAt(length - el - 2) == 'p'))) || (((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'h') && (word .charAt(length - el - 2) == 't'))) || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') || (((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r') && (word .charAt(length - el - 2) == 'e'))) || (((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r') && (word .charAt(length - el - 2) == 'o'))) || (((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 's') && (word .charAt(length - el - 2) == 'e'))) || (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't')) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'b': if ((length - el > 2) && (!((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') && (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'e') && (word .charAt(length - el - 3) == 'm'))) && ((length - el < 4) || (!((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') && (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 's') && (word.charAt(length - el - 3) == 'y') && (word .charAt(length - el - 4) == 'r'))))) { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; case 'c': if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') { return word.substring(0, length - el); } break; default: throw new IllegalArgumentException("Fatal error."); } } el--; } return word; } /** * Recodes ending of given word. */ private String recodeEnding(String word) { int lastPos = word.length() - 1; // Rule 1 if (word.endsWith("bb") || word.endsWith("dd") || word.endsWith("gg") || word.endsWith("ll") || word.endsWith("mm") || word.endsWith("nn") || word.endsWith("pp") || word.endsWith("rr") || word.endsWith("ss") || word.endsWith("tt")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos); lastPos--; } // Rule 2 if (word.endsWith("iev")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ief"); } // Rule 3 if (word.endsWith("uct")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("uc"); lastPos--; } // Rule 4 if (word.endsWith("umpt")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("um"); lastPos -= 2; } // Rule 5 if (word.endsWith("rpt")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("rb"); lastPos--; } // Rule 6 if (word.endsWith("urs")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ur"); lastPos--; } // Rule 7 if (word.endsWith("istr")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("ister"); lastPos++; } // Rule 7a if (word.endsWith("metr")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("meter"); lastPos++; } // Rule 8 if (word.endsWith("olv")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("olut"); lastPos++; } // Rule 9 if (word.endsWith("ul")) { if ((lastPos - 2 < 0) || ((word.charAt(lastPos - 2) != 'a') && (word.charAt(lastPos - 2) != 'i') && (word .charAt(lastPos - 2) != 'o'))) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("l"); lastPos--; } } // Rule 10 if (word.endsWith("bex")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("bic"); } // Rule 11 if (word.endsWith("dex")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("dic"); } // Rule 12 if (word.endsWith("pex")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("pic"); } // Rule 13 if (word.endsWith("tex")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("tic"); } // Rule 14 if (word.endsWith("ax")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ac"); } // Rule 15 if (word.endsWith("ex")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ec"); } // Rule 16 if (word.endsWith("ix")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ic"); } // Rule 17 if (word.endsWith("lux")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("luc"); } // Rule 18 if (word.endsWith("uad")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("uas"); } // Rule 19 if (word.endsWith("vad")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("vas"); } // Rule 20 if (word.endsWith("cid")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("cis"); } // Rule 21 if (word.endsWith("lid")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("lis"); } // Rule 22 if (word.endsWith("erid")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("eris"); } // Rule 23 if (word.endsWith("pand")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("pans"); } // Rule 24 if (word.endsWith("end")) { if ((lastPos - 3 < 0) || (word.charAt(lastPos - 3) != 's')) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ens"); } } // Rule 25 if (word.endsWith("ond")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ons"); } // Rule 26 if (word.endsWith("lud")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("lus"); } // Rule 27 if (word.endsWith("rud")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("rus"); } // Rule 28 if (word.endsWith("her")) { if ((lastPos - 3 < 0) || ((word.charAt(lastPos - 3) != 'p') && (word .charAt(lastPos - 3) != 't'))) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("hes"); } } // Rule 29 if (word.endsWith("mit")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("mis"); } // Rule 30 if (word.endsWith("end")) { if ((lastPos - 3 < 0) || (word.charAt(lastPos - 3) != 'm')) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ens"); } } // Rule 31 if (word.endsWith("ert")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ers"); } // Rule 32 if (word.endsWith("et")) { if ((lastPos - 2 < 0) || (word.charAt(lastPos - 2) != 'n')) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("es"); } } // Rule 33 if (word.endsWith("yt")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ys"); } // Rule 34 if (word.endsWith("yz")) { word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ys"); } return word; } /** * Returns the stemmed version of the given word. * @param origWord a string consisting of a single word * @return stemmed word */ public String stem(String origWord) { String stemmed = stem(origWord, false); if ( stemmed.length() <= 3 ) return origWord; return stemmed; } private String stem(String word, boolean isOnePass) { if (word.length() > 3) { return recodeEnding(removeEnding(word.toLowerCase(), isOnePass)); } else { return word.toLowerCase(); } } }